Consumo de cannabis en población adulta en GaliciaPrevalencias y características asociadas

  1. Rey-Brandariz, Julia 1
  2. Santiago-Pérez, María Isolina 2
  3. Candal-Pedreira, Cristina 3
  4. Varela-Lema, Leonor 1
  5. Ruano-Ravina, Alberto 4
  6. Martinez, Cristina 5
  7. Veiga, Sergio 2
  8. Otero, Miriam 2
  9. Malvar, Alberto 2
  10. Pérez-Ríos, Mónica 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

  2. 2 Xunta de Galicia
    info

    Xunta de Galicia

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/0181xnw06

  3. 3 Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña.
  4. 4 Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP).
  5. 5 Universitat de Barcelona
    info

    Universitat de Barcelona

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/021018s57

Show affiliations +
Journal:
Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

ISSN: 0214-4840

Year of publication: 2024

Volume: 36

Issue: 3

Pages: 257-266

Type: Article

DOI: 10.20882/ADICCIONES.1805 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

Abstract

Cannabis is the most widely consumed illegal drug in Spain, with consumption concentrated mainly in adolescence and early adulthood. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (CUD) and dependent use in the Galician population aged 16 years and over, and to characterize cannabis users and cannabis dependent users. Data are from two cross-sectional studies from the Risk Behavior Information System conducted in 2017 (n = 7,841) and 2018 (n = 7,853). The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify users with CUD and/or dependent use. Prevalences were estimated and regression models were fitted to identify variables associated with cannabis use and dependent use. In 2017-2018, 2.7% (95% CI: 2.5-3.0) of the Galician population aged 16 years and over consumed cannabis at the time of the survey, with this prevalence being 9% in the 16-24 years age group. Prevalence decreased with age and was higher in males in all age groups. The prevalence of CUD in users was 69.5% (95% CI 61.1-78.1) and of dependent use it was 49.2% (95% CI 46.6-53.9). Tobacco use was the major determinant of being a cannabis user [OR = 19.8 (95% CI 13.8-28.4)] and daily cannabis use of being a dependent user [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 3.2-9.5)]. Cannabis use among the Galician population is high, especially among young people aged 16-24 years, who show the highest probability of dependent use. Prevention measures should be aimed especially at the younger population aged 16 years to curb its use and the development of consequences such as CUD and dependent use.

Bibliographic References

  • Arias-de la Torre, J., Eiroa-Orosa, F. J., Molina, A. J., Colell, E., Dávila-Batista, V., Moreno-Montero, F.,… Martín, V. (2021). Relación del consumo problemático de cannabis en la población joven de España con el riesgo percibido, los factores ambientales y los factores sociodemográficos. Adicciones, 33, 63–70. doi:10.20882/adicciones.1256.
  • Baggio, S., Deline, S., Studer, J., Mohler-Kuo, M., Daeppen, J. B. & Gmel, G. (2014). Routes of administration of cannabis used for nonmedical purposes and associations with patterns of drug use. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 54, 235–240. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.013.
  • Bastiani, L., Siciliano, V., Curzio, O., Luppi, C., Gori, M., Grassi, M. & Molinaro, S. (2013). Optimal scaling of the CAST and of SDS Scale in a national sample of adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2060–2067. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.016.
  • Beranuy, M., Chamarro, A., Graner, C. & Carbonell, X. (2009). Validation of two brief scales for Internet addiction and mobile phone problem use. Psicothema, 21, 480–485.
  • Bosque-Prous, M., Espelt, A., Borrell, C., Bartroli, M., Guitart, A. M., Villalbí, J. R. & Brugal, M. T. (2015). Gender differences in hazardous drinking among middle-aged in Europe: The role of social context and women’s empowerment. European Journal of Public Health, 25, 698–705. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku234.
  • Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C. & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 367–83.
  • Carliner, H., Brown, Q. L., Sarvet, A. L. & Hasin, D. S. (2017). Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review. Preventive Medicine, 104, 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.008.
  • Carr, S., Klinger, S., Manthey, J., Isorna-Folgar, M., Amatller-Gutiérrez, O., Carballo-Crespo, J. L.,… Colom-Farran, J. (2022). Guía clínica de cannabis. Guías clínicas socidrogalcohol basadas en la evidencia científica. Retrieved at https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/publicaciones/catalogo/bibliotecaDigital/publicaciones/pdf/2022/20220119_SOCIDROGALCOHOL_guia_cannabis.pdf.
  • Casajuana, C., López-Pelayo, H., Mercedes-Balcells, M., Miquel, L., Teixidó, L., Colom, J. & Gual, A. (2017). Working on a standard joint unit: A pilot test. Adicciones, 29, 227–232. doi:10.20882/adicciones.721.
  • Casajuana Kögel, C., López-Pelayo, H., Oliveras, C., Colom, J., Gual, A. & Balcells-Oliveró, M. M. (2021). Relación entre las motivaciones para consumir y el consumo problemático de cannabis. Adicciones, 33, 31–42. doi:10.20882/adicciones.1221.
  • Cohen, K., Weizman, A. & Weinstein, A. (2019). Positive and negative effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on health. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 105, 1139–1147. doi:10.1002/cpt.1381.
  • Connor, J. P., Stjepanović, D., Le Foll, B., Hoch, E., Budney, A. J. & Hall, W. D. (2021). Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 7, 16. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4.
  • Cougle, J. R., Hakes, J. K., Macatee, R. J., Zvolensky, M. J. & Chavarria, J. (2016). Probability and correlates of dependence among regular users of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and cocaine: Concurrent and prospective analyses of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77, 444–450. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09469.
  • Cuenca-Royo, A. M., Sánchez-Niubó, A., Forero, C. G., Torrens, M., Suelves, J. M. & Domingo-Salvany, A. (2012). Psychometric properties of the CAST and SDS scales in young adult cannabis users. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 709–715. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.012.
  • Daniulaityte, R., Zatreh, M. Y., Lamy, F. R., Nahhas, R. W., Martins, S. S., Sheth, A. & Carlson, R. G. (2018). A Twitter-based survey on marijuana concentrate use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 187, 155–159. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.033.
  • De Leeuw, E. D. (2008). The effect of computer-assisted interviewing on data quality. A review of the evidence. Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University. Retrieved at https://edithl.home.xs4all.nl/surveyhandbook/deleeuw-cai-overview-updated.pdf.
  • Feingold, D., Livne, O., Rehm, J. & Lev-Ran, S. (2020). Probability and correlates of transition from cannabis use to DSM-5 cannabis use disorder: Results from a large-scale nationally representative study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39, 142–151. doi:10.1111/dar.13031.
  • Fuente, L., Brugal, T. M., Domingo-Salvany, A., Bravo, M. J., Neira-León, M. & Barrio, G. (2006). Más de treinta años de drogas ilegales en España: Una amarga historia con algunos consejos para el futuro. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 80, 505-520.
  • GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators (2018). The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 5, 987–1012. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7.
  • George, T. P., Hill, K. P. & Vaccarino, F. J. (2018). Cannabis legalization and psychiatric disorders: Caveat “hemp-tor”. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63, 447–450. doi:10.1177/0706743718762387.
  • Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J.,… Mayo, N. (2019). Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 76, 426–434. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500.
  • Godin, S. L. & Shehata, S. (2022). Adolescent cannabis use and later development of schizophrenia: An updated systematic review of longitudinal studies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 1331-1340. doi:10.1002/jclp.23312.
  • Harris, C. R., Jenkins, M. & Glaser, D. (2006). Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men? Judgmement and Decision Making, 1, 48–63.
  • Hasin, D. S., Kerridge, B. T., Saha, T. D., Huang, B., Pickering, R., Smith, S. M.,… Grant, B. F. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions-III. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 588–599. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15070907.
  • Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H.,… Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 1235–1242. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858.
  • Hasin, D. S., Shmulewitz, D. & Sarvet, A. L. (2019). Time trends in US cannabis use and cannabis use disorders overall and by sociodemographic subgroups: A narrative review and new findings. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45, 623–643. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1569668.
  • Hernandez-Avila, C. A., Rounsaville, B. J. & Kranzler, H. R. (2004). Opioid-, cannabis- and alcohol-dependent women show more rapid progression to substance abuse treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.001.
  • Jeffers, A. M., Glantz, S., Byers, A. & Keyhani, S. (2021). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with and prevalence and frequency of cannabis use among adults in the US. JAMA network open, 4, e2136571. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36571.
  • Kerridge, B. T., Pickering, R., Chou, P., Saha, T. D. & Hasin, D. S. (2018). DSM-5 cannabis use disorder in the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related Conditions-III: Gender-specific profiles. Addictive Behaviors, 76, 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.012.
  • Kondo, K., Morasco, B. J., Nugent, S., Ayers, C., O’Neil, M. E., Freeman, M.,… Kansagara, D. (2019). Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: A systematic review. Retrieved at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555373/.
  • Kroon, E., Kuhns, L., Hoch, E. & Cousijn, J. (2020). Heavy cannabis use, dependence and the brain: A clinical perspective. Addiction, 115, 559–572. doi:10.1111/add.14776.
  • Legleye, S., Guignard, R., Richard, J. B., Ludwig, K., Pabst, A. & Beck, F. (2015). Properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in the general population. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 24, 170–183. doi:10.1002/mpr.1465.
  • Legleye, S., Piontek, D., Kraus, L., Morand, E. & Falissard, B. (2013). A validation of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) using a latent class analysis of the DSM-IV among adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 22, 16–26. doi:10.1002/mpr.1378.
  • Legleye, S., Karila, L., Beck, F. & Reynaud, M. (2007). Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test. Journal of Substance Use, 12, 233–242. doi:10.1080/14659890701476532.
  • Leung, J., Chan, G., Hides, L. & Hall, W. D. (2020). What is the prevalence and risk of cannabis use disorders among people who use cannabis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addictive behaviors, 109, 106479. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106479.
  • Levy, N. S., Mauro, P. M., Mauro, C. M., Segura, L. E. & Martins, S. S. (2021). Joint perceptions of the risk and availability of Cannabis in the United States, 2002-2018. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 226, 108873. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108873.
  • Manthey, J., Freeman, T. P., Kilian, C., López-Pelayo, H. & Rehm, J. (2021). Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: Prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates. The Lancet Regional Health. Europe, 10, 100227. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100227.
  • Mauro, P. M., Carliner, H., Brown, Q. L., Hasin, D. S., Shmulewitz, D., Rahim-Juwel, R.,… Martins, S. S. (2018). Age differences in daily and nondaily cannabis use in the United States, 2002-2014. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79, 423–431. doi:10.15288/jsad.2018.79.423.
  • Millar, S. R., Mongan, D., O’Dwyer, C., Long, J., Smyth, B. P., Perry, I. J. & Galvin, B. (2021a). Correlates of patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence: Evidence from two national surveys in Ireland. European Journal of Public Health, 31, 441–447. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab007.
  • Millar, S. R., Mongan, D., Smyth, B. P., Perry, I. J. & Galvin, B. (2021b). Relationships between age at first substance use and persistence of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. BMC public health, 21, 997. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11023-0.
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones (OEDA). (2019). Encuesta sobre alcohol y drogas en España (EDADES), 1995-2017. Retrieved at https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/2019_Informe_EDADES.pdf.
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones (OEDA). (2020). Encuesta sobre alcohol y drogas en España (EDADES), 1995-2019/2020. Retrieved at https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/2019-20_Informe_EDADES.pdf.
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones (OEDA). (2021). Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES), 1994-2021. Retrieved at https://pnsd.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/sistemasInformacion/sistemaInformacion/pdf/ESTUDES_2021_Informe_de_Resultados.pdf.
  • Observatorio Europeo de las Drogas y las Toxicomanías (EMCDDA). (2021). Informe Europeo sobre Drogas: Tendencias y novedades. Retrieved at https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13838/2021.2256_ES0906.pdf.
  • Pacek, L. R., Mauro, P. M. & Martins, S. S. (2015). Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: Differences by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 149, 232–244. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.009.
  • Rial, A., García-Couceiro, N., Gómez, P., Mallah, N., Varela, J., Flórez-Menéndez, G. & Isorna, M. (2022). Psychometric properties of CAST for early detection of problematic cannabis use in Spanish adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 129, 107288. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107288.
  • Ronay, R. & Kim, D. Y. (2006). Gender differences in explicit and implicit risk attitudes: A socially facilitated phenomenon. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 397–419. doi:10.1348/014466605X66420.
  • Schauer, G. L., Rosenberry, Z. R. & Peters, E. N. (2017). Marijuana and tobacco co-administration in blunts, spliffs, and mulled cigarettes: A systematic literature review. Addictive behaviors, 64, 200–211. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.09.001.
  • Schwitzer, T., Gillet, C., Bisch, M., Di Patrizio, P., Schwan, R. & Laprevote, V. (2016). Co-occurrent cannabis and tobacco uses: Clinical knowledge and therapeutic prospects. Therapie, 71, 315–322. doi:10.1016/j.therap.2016.02.027.
  • Servizo Galego de Saúde. (2005). Sistema de Información sobre Condutas de Riesgo. Retrieved at https://www.sergas.es/Saude-publica/SICRI-Sistema-Informaci%C3%B3n-sobre-Condutas-de-Risco?idioma=es.
  • Seidel, A. K., Morgenstern, M. & Hanewinkel, R. (2020). Risk factors for risky cannabis use : A retrospective cohort study of 7671 cannabis users. Der Nervenarzt, 91, 1040–1046. doi:10.1007/s00115-020-00930-z.
  • Sherman, B. J., Baker, N. L. & McRae-Clark, A. L. (2016). Gender differences in cannabis use disorder treatment: Change readiness and taking steps predict worse cannabis outcomes for women. Addictive Behaviors, 60, 197–202. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.014.
  • Weinberger, A. H., Platt, J., Zhu, J., Levin, J., Ganz, O. & Goodwin, R. D. (2021). Cigarette use and cannabis use disorder onset, persistence, and relapse: Longitudinal data from a representative sample of US adults. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82, 20m13713. doi:10.4088/JCP.20m13713.
Data source: Dialnet