Relación entre el consumo de videojuegos PEGI18 con violencia explícita, bullying y cyberbullying

  1. Antonio Rial-Boubeta 1
  2. Álvaro Theotonio 1
  3. Alejandro Neira-de Paz 1
  4. Teresa Braña-Tobío 1
  5. Jesús Varela-Mallou 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
Revista:
Psychology, Society & Education

ISSN: 1989-709X 2171-2085

Año de publicación: 2024

Volumen: 16

Número: 1

Páginas: 10-19

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.21071/PSE.V16I1.16718 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Psychology, Society & Education

Resumen

El acoso escolar conforma una de las experiencias victimizantes más comunes en la infancia y la adolescencia. La literatura científica ha evidenciado que la exposición a contenidos violentos se asocia a una mayor predisposición a la hora de perpetrar y/o ser víctima de acoso o de ciberacoso. En este sentido, diferentes estudios han destacado la importancia que el consumo de determinado tipo de videojuegos puede tener a este nivel. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el consumo de videojuegos PEGI18 con contenidos de violencia explícita y las tasas de bullying y cyberbullying. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de carácter exploratorio, accediendo a una muestra total de 2,083 estudiantes de primaria y secundaria con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 17 años. Se empleó un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía el European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire y el European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, junto a ítems relativos al consumo de videojuegos. Los resultados permiten constatar la existencia de una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el consumo de videojuegos violentos, el bullying y el cyberbullying, especialmente a edades tempranas. Los hallazgos remarcan la necesidad de una regulación más eficaz, que asegure un ajuste entre los videojuegos consumidos y la edad del usuario.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Dobarro González, A., & Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002
  • Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 772-790. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.772
  • Andrade, B., Guadix, I., Rial, A., & Suárez, F. (2021). Impacto de la tecnología en la adolescencia. Relaciones, riesgos y oportunidades. UNICEF España.
  • Asociación Española de Videojuegos. (2023). Anuario de la industria del videojuego en 2022. http://www.aevi.org.es/documentacion/elanuario-del-videojuego/
  • Bae, S.-M. (2021). The relationship between exposure to risky online content, cyber victimization, perception of cyberbullying, and cyberbullying offending in Korean adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 123, Article 105946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105946
  • Bauerová, R., & Kop.ivová, V. (2023). Avoiding cyberbullying: What is the parental role in this issue? Acta Academica Karviniensia, 23(2), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.25142/aak.2023.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25142/aak.2023.012
  • Burkhardt, J., & Lenhard, W. (2022). A meta-analysis on the longitudinal, age dependent effects of violent video games on aggression. Media Psychology, 25(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2021.1980729
  • Çevik, Ö., ATA, R., & Çevik, M. (2021). Bullying and victimization among Turkish adolescents: The predictive role of problematic internet use, school burnout and parental monitoring. Education and Information Technologies, 26(3), 3203-3230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10410-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10410-1
  • Denson, T. F., Kasumovic, M. M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2022). Understanding the desire to play violent video games: An integrative motivational theory. Motivation Science, 8(2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000246
  • Drummond, A., Sauer, J. D., & Ferguson, C. J. (2020). Do longitudinal studies support long-term relationships between aggressive game play and youth aggressive behaviour? A meta-analytic examination. Royal Society Open Science, 7(7), Article 200373. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200373
  • Estévez, E., Cañas, E., Estévez, J. F., & Povedano, A. (2020). Continuity and overlap of roles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying in adolescence: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), Article 7452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207452
  • Feijóo, S., Foody, M., O’Higgins Norman, J., Pichel, R., & Rial, A. (2021a). Cyberbullies, the cyberbullied, and problematic internet use: Some reasonable similarities. Psicothema, 33(2), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.209
  • Feijóo, S., O’Higgins-Norman, J., Foody, M., Pichel, R., Braña, T., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2021b). Sex differences in adolescent bullying behaviours. Psychosocial Intervention, 30(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1
  • Ferguson, C. J., Copenhaver, A., & Markey, P. (2020). Reexamining the findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 task force on violent media: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1423-1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927666
  • Gabelas Barroso, J.A., & Marta Lazo, C. (2020). La era TRIC: factor R-elacional y educomunicación. Ediciones Egregius. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 27(3), 1001-1002. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.76745 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.76745
  • Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
  • Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2018). Parenting practices as risk or preventive factors for adolescent involvement in cyberbullying: Contribution of children and parent gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), Article 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122664
  • Greitemeyer, T. (2022). The dark and bright side of video game consumption: Effects of violent and prosocial video games. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, Article 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101326
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
  • Jadambaa, A., Thomas, H. J., Scott, J. G., Graves, N., Brain, D., & Pacella, R. (2019). Prevalence of traditional bullying and cyberbullying among children and adolescents in Australia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(9), 878-888. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419846393
  • Kaloeti, D. V. S., Manalu, R., Kristiana, I. F., & Bidzan, M. (2021). The role of social media use in peer bullying victimization and onset of anxiety among Indonesian elementary school children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635725 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635725
  • King, D. L., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). Not playing around: Gaming disorder in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Journal of Adolescent Health 64(1), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.010
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
  • Leonhardt, M., & Overå, S. (2021). Are there differences in video gaming and use of social media among boys and girls? A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085
  • Li, C., Wang, P., Martin-Moratinos, M., Bella-Fernández, M., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2022). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying in the digital age and its associated mental health problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x
  • López-Gómez, S., Rial-Boubeta, A., Marín-Suelves, D., & Rodríguez- Rodríguez, J. (2022). Videojuegos, salud, convivencia y adicción. ¿Qué dice la evidencia científica? Psychology, Society & Education, 14(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21071/psye.v14i1.14178
  • Martínez-Ferrer, B., Moreno, D., & Musitu, G. (2018). Are adolescents engaged in the problematic use of social networking sites more involved in peer aggression and victimization? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00801
  • Mathur, M. B., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2019). Finding common ground in meta-analysis “wars” on violent video games. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 705-708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619850104
  • Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Suetani, S., Thomas, H. J., Sly, P. D, & Scott, J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60
  • Olejarnik, S. Z., & Romano, D. (2023). Is playing violent video games a risk factor for aggressive behaviour? Adding narcissism, self-esteem and PEGI ratings to the debate. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155807
  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell Publishers.
  • Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.682358
  • Ortega-Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R., & Casas, J. A. (2016). Evaluar el bullying y el cyberbullying validación española del EBIP-Q y del ECIP-Q. Psicología Educativa, 22(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004
  • PEGI. (2015). PEGI Annual Report. http://www.pegi.info
  • PEGI. (2017). ¿Qué significan las etiquetas? https://pegi.info/es/quesignifican-las-etiquetas
  • Pichel, R., Feijóo, S., Isorna, M., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2022). Analysis of the relationship between school bullying, cyberbullying, and substance use. Children and Youth Services Review, 134, Article 106369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106369
  • Prescott, A. T., Sargent, J. D., & Hull, J. G. (2018). Metaanalysis of the relationship between violent video game play and physical aggression over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(40), 9882-9888.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611617114
  • Skowronski, M., Busching, R., & Krahé, B. (2021). The effects of sexualized video game characters and character personalization on women’s self-objectification and body satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, Article 104051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104051
  • Teng, Z., Yang, C., Stomski, M., Nie, Q., & Guo, C. (2022). Violent video game exposure and bullying in early adolescence: A longitudinal study examining moderation of trait aggressiveness and moral identity. Psychology of Violence, 12(3), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000424
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Uçur, Ö., & Dönmez, Y. E. (2022). The effects of violent video games on reactive-proactive aggression and cyberbullying. Current Psychology, 42, 2609-2618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04045-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04045-3
  • UNESCO. (2019). Más allá de los números: Poner fin a la violencia y el acoso en el ámbito escolar. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378398
  • Vaillancourt, T., Faris, R., & Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying in children and youth: Implications for health and clinical practice. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(6), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791
  • Walters, G. D. (2021). School-age bullying victimization and perpetration: A meta-analysis of prospective studies and research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(5), 1129-1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020906513
  • Zhou, H., Wei, X., Jiang, H., Tuo, A., Lu, G., Liang, H., & Xiao, N. (2023). The link between exposure to violent media, normative beliefs about aggression, self-control, and aggression: A comparison of traditional and cyberbullying. Aggressive Behavior, 49(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22057