Creación periodística de héroes y anti-héroes en TwitterZelenski y Putin en la guerra de Ucrania

  1. Rivas-de-Roca, Rubén 1
  2. García-Gordillo , Mar 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Sevilla
    info

    Universidad de Sevilla

    Sevilla, España

    ROR https://ror.org/03yxnpp24

Journal:
Revista de comunicación

ISSN: 1684-0933,  2227-1465

Year of publication: 2023

Volume: 22

Issue: 1

Pages: 397-412

Type: Article

DOI: 10.26441/RC22.1-2023-2939 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

More publications in: Revista de comunicación

Abstract

Periods of international crisis, such as the war in Ukraine that began in February 2022, are very symbolic times. Due to the remoteness of this type of conflicts, the media still play an important role in the shaping of news items that reach citizens. However, this field also suffers the deep transformations that digital platforms have brought for journalism. In this context, this study aims to explore the mechanisms that the press uses to generate international leaders on Twitter. Specifically, we analyze how the media contribute to creating figures of hero, anti-hero or villain with Zelensky and Putin, similar to ancient antagonistic struggles. To this purpose, a discursive content analysis is applied to a sample of all tweets (n=1244) posted by the five main Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, ABC, El Confidencial, elDiario.es) that referenced these two leaders, during the weeks before and after the start of the war. As a result, there is a greater number of mentions of Putin, together with a negative approach. The building of a dichotomous relationship also occurs through a Zelensky who usually acts as the subject, but with less active verbs than Putin. Nevertheless, differences are detected depending on the ideology and the technological nature of the newspaper. These findings, added to the fact that the public prefer to interact with messages that allude to Zelensky or both leaders, foster a debate about the implications of this underlying intentionality of the media.  

Bibliographic References

  • Aalberg, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Soroka, S., Curran, J., Hayashi, K., Iyengar, S., Jones, P. K., Mazzoleni, G., Rojas, H., Rowe, D. y Tiffen, R. (2013). International TV news, foreign affairs interest and public knowledge. Journalism Studies, 14(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.765636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.765636
  • AIMC - Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación (2021). Resumen general de resultados (febrero a noviembre 2021). https://www.aimc.es/blog/entrega-resultados-egm-3a-ola-2021/
  • Almonkari, M. y Isotalus, P. (2012). Two Perspectives on the Communication Skills of Political Leaders. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 6(3), 246-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2012.664223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2012.664223
  • Anderson, C. W. (2021). Fake News is Not a Virus: On Platforms and Their Effects. Communication Theory, 31(1), 42-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtaa008
  • Andrade del Cid, P., Flores González, R. y Pablo Contreras, M. (2020). Comportamiento de las comunidades digitales en Twitter durante las elecciones México 2018. Revista de Comunicación, 19(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC19.1-2020-A2
  • Antón-Crespo, M. y Alonso-del-Barrio, E. (2015). El ‘trending topic’ frente a la ‘agenda setting’. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 21(2), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2015.v21.51125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2015.v21.51125
  • Archetti, C. (2019). Mapping Transnational Journalism in the Age of Flows: Or How I Ditched “Foreign Correspondence” and the “Immigrant Press” and Started to Love Histoire Croisée”. Journalism Studies, 20(15), 2150-2166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1568905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.1568905
  • Baysha, O. (2018). Synecdoche that kills: How Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin constructed different Ukraines for different ends. The International Communication Gazette, 80(3), 230-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048517721578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048517721578
  • Brand, E. y Gómez, H. (2006). Análisis de redes sociales como metodología de investigación. Elementos básicos y aplicación. La Sociología en sus Escenarios, 13, 1-28. https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/handle/10495/2542
  • Bruns, A. (2018). Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism, social media, and the public sphere (Digital Formations). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b13293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3726/b13293
  • Casero-Ripollés, A. (2018). Research on political information and social media: Key points and challenges for the future. Profesional de la información, 27(5), 964-974. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.sep.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.sep.01
  • Casero-Ripollés, A. (2021). Influencers in the Political Conversation on Twitter: Identifying Digital Authority with Big Data. Sustainability, 13(5), 2851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052851
  • Chadwick, A. (2017). The hybrid media system. Politics and power. Oxford University Press. 2a ed. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001
  • Delli Carpini, M. X. (2000). In search of the informed citizen: What Americans know about politics and why it matters. The Communication Review, 4(1), 129-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420009359466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420009359466
  • Díaz-Lucena, A., Mora-de-la-Torre, V. y Torres-Hortelano, L. J. (2022). Strategies of the Spanish press in the face of the Twitter algorithm change. Analysis of tweets published between 2018-2020. Communication & Society, 35(1), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.35.1.197-213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.35.1.197-213
  • Disch, L., van de Sande, M. y Urbinati, N. (Eds.) (2019). The Constructivist Turn in
  • Political Representation. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474442626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474442626
  • Flowerdew, J. y Richardson, R. (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342
  • García Gordillo, M. (2004). Mecanismos de creación de héroes y anti-héroes para la opinión pública internacional en periodos de guerra. Ámbitos, 11-12, 39-67. https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/12711 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12795/Ambitos.2004.i11-12.02
  • García-Orosa, B., Vázquez-Herrero, J. y López-García, X. (2022). Periodismo, política y ciudadanía: claves para una nueva relación desde España. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 80, 47-68. https://www.doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2022-1547
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Strauss, N. y Huber, B. (2020). The Proliferation of the “News Finds Me” Perception Across Societies. International Journal of Communication, 14, 1605-1633. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11974
  • Isotalus, P. y Almonkari, M. (2014). Mediatization and Political Leadership. Journalism Studies, 15(3), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.889462
  • Krippendorff, K. (2012). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, 3rd ed. Sage Publications.
  • López García, A. (1998). Las partes de la oración. Arco Libros.
  • López Hidalgo, A. (2001). El titular: manual de titulación periodística. Comunicación Social.
  • Marshall, P. D. (2010). The promotion and presentation of the self: celebrity as marker of presentational media. Celebrity Studies, 1(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392390903519057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19392390903519057
  • Mazzoleni, G. y Schulz, W. (1999). “Mediatization” of Politics: A Challenge for Democracy? Political Communication, 16(3), 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198613
  • Mcevoy, G. (2008). La construcción de la imagen heroica a través del discurso periodístico: El caso de la activista peruana María Elena Moyano. Historia Crítica, 35, 82-104. https://bit.ly/3RfcPET DOI: https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit35.2008.06
  • Morejón-Llamas, N., Martín-Ramallal, P. y Micaletto-Belda, J.-P. (2022). Twitter content curation as an antidote to hybrid warfare during Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Profesional de la información, 31(3), e310308. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.08 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.08
  • Neuendorf, K. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook. SAGE.
  • Odriozola Chené, J. (2012). Cibermedios y agenda-setting: la configuración de la agenda mediática internacional. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 18(1), 157-171. https://bit.ly/3Cbgpcz DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_ESMP.2012.v18.n1.39363
  • Pérez-Curiel, C. y Rivas-de-Roca, R. (2022). Realities and Challenges of a Democracy in Crisis. Impact of Disinformation and Populism on the Media System. En Á. Rocha, D. Barredo, P. C. López-López y I. Puentes-Rivera (Eds.), Communication and Smart Technologies—Proceedings of ICOMTA 2021 (pp. 94-103). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5792-4_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5792-4_10
  • Rivas-de-Roca, R. y García-Gordillo, M. (2021). Tuits políticos como nuevo ejemplo de periodismo cínico basado en declaraciones. Un estudio comparativo del avance de la extrema derecha en Andalucía. Textual & Visual Media, 14, 80-101. https://textualvisualmedia.com/index.php/txtvmedia/article/view/294
  • Rodríguez Virgili, J., Jandura, O. y Rebolledo de la Calle, M. (2014). La personalización de la política en la cobertura mediática: una comparación de las campañas electorales en España y Alemania. Trípodos, 34, 61-79. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/166
  • Sanders, M. S. y Tsay-Vogel, M. (2016). Beyond Heroes and Villains: Examining
  • Explanatory Mechanisms Underlying Moral Disengagement. Mass Communication and Society, 19(3), 230-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1096944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1096944
  • Schulz, A., Fletcher, R. y Nielsen, R. K. (2022). The role of news media knowledge for how people use social media for news in five countries. New Media & Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221108957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221108957
  • Stier, S., Bleier, A., Lietz, H. y Strohmaier, M. (2018). Election Campaigning on Social Media: Politicians, Audiences, and the Mediation of Political Communication on Facebook and Twitter. Political Communication, 35(1), 50-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728
  • Vaccari, C. y Valeriani, A. (2018). Dual Screening, Public Service Broadcasting, and
  • Political Participation in Eight Western Democracies. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(3), 367-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218779170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218779170
  • Valeriani, A. y Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857-1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223
  • Van Aelst, P., Sheafer, T. y Stanyer, J. (2012). The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911427802
  • van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Context. A Sociocognitive Approach. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511481499
  • Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2020). An Emotional Turn in Journalism Studies? Digital Journalism, 8(2), 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626
  • van Waarden, B. (2021). The concept of an ‘anticelebrity’: a new type of antihero of the media age and its impact on modern politics. Celebrity Studies, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2021.1968918 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2021.1968918
  • Williams, K. (2011). International Journalism. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446251133
Data source: Dialnet