Sexual violence victimizationPrevalence in adolescents and disposition to forgive

  1. Verónica Marcos 1
  2. Laura Treskow 2
  3. Robert Kuester
  4. Dolores Seijo 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

  2. 2 Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony
    info

    Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony

    Hanóver, Alemania

    ROR https://ror.org/04kthgc59

Revista:
Acción psicológica

ISSN: 1578-908X

Ano de publicación: 2023

Título do exemplar: Investigación aplicada en psicología jurídica y forense

Volume: 20

Número: 2

Páxinas: 113-124

Tipo: Artigo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Outras publicacións en: Acción psicológica

Resumo

Antecedentes/objetivos: Sexual violence victimization is a public health and social problem with adverse effects on mental health. A survey of Spanish adolescents was de-signed with the aim of finding out the prevalence of sexual violence victimization and the relationship with for-giveness for its therapeutic effects on mental health. Method: 652 Spanish adolescents, 51.5% girls (n=336) and 48.5% boys (n=316), aged 13-17 years (M=15.38, SD=1.01), answered to measures of sexual violence vic-timization and forgiveness. Results: The results revealed that 2 out of 5 adolescents (37.6%, 95% CI [.339, 413]) experienced sexual violence, with girls significantly more likely (43.2% vs. 31.6%). In addition, adolescent victims of sexual violence reported significantly less willingness to forgive than non-victims, quantified as 20.1% less willingness to self-forgive, 17.2% less willingness to for-give others, and 22.4% less willingness to forgive situa-tions beyond their control. Furthermore, it was found that the different types of victimization share a lot of variances, i.e., they occur together. Conclusions: The implications of the findings with regard to sexual assault prevention and risk-reduction, and of the victims' unwillingness to forgive in dealing with adverse mental health outcomes are dis-cussed.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Adams, J., Mrug, S., & Knight, D. C. (2018). Characteristics of child physical and sexual abuse as predictors of psychopathology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.019
  • American Association of University Women. (1993). Hostile hallways: The AAUW Survey on Sexual Harassment in America's Schools. Author.
  • Ajayi, A. I. & Ezegbe, H. C. (2020). Association between Sexual Violence and Unintended Pregnancy among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09488-6
  • Álvarez-Muelas, A., Gómez-Berrocal, C., & Sierra, J. C. (2021). Typologies of Sexual Double Standard Adherence in Spanish Population. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 13(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2021a1
  • Arce, R., Marcos, V., Sanmarco, J., & Fariña, F. (2023). Is the self-Reported Information by Male Sentenced of Violence Against Women in the Intervention Phase Valid? Anuario de Psicología Jurídica. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2023a3
  • Arias, E., Arce, R., Vázquez, M. J., & Marcos, V. (2020). Treatment Efficacy on the Cognitive Competence of Convicted Intimate Partner Violence Offenders. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 36(3), 427–435. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.428771
  • Baiden, P., Xiao, Y., Asiedua-Baiden, G., LaBrenz, C. A., Boateng, G. O., Graaf, G., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2020). Sex Differences in the Association Between Sexual Violence Victimization and Suicidal Behaviors among Adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 1, Article 100011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100011
  • Basile, K. C., Smith, S. G., Breiding, M. J., Black, M. C., & Mahendra. R. (2014). Sexual violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/sv_surveillance_definitionsl-2009-a.pdf
  • Černis, E., Chan, C., & Cooper, M. (2019). What is the Relationship between Dissociation and Self‐Harming Behaviour in Adolescents? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(3), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2354
  • Chen, J., Walters, M. L., Gilbert, L. K., & Patel, N. (2020). Sexual Violence, Stalking, and Intimate Partner Violence by Sexual Orientation, United States. Psychology of Violence, 10(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000252
  • Chynoweth, S. K., Buscher, D., Martin, S., & Zwi, A. B. (2022). Characteristics and Impacts of Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Conflict and Displacement: A Multicountry Exploratory Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), NP7470–NP7501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520967132
  • Choe, E., Srisarajivakul, E., & Davis, D. E. (2021). Protecting Victims of Bullying: The Protective Roles Self-Esteem and Self-Forgiveness Play between Past Victimization and Current Depressive Symptoms. Journal of School Violence, 20(4), 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1930015
  • Davidson, M. M., Lozano, N. M., Cole, B. P., & Gervais, S. J. (2013). Associations between Women’s Experiences of Sexual Violence and Forgiveness. Violence and Victims, 28(6), 1041–1053. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00075
  • Enright, R. D. (1996). Counselling within the Forgiveness Triad: On Forgiving, Receiving Forgiveness, and Self-Forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
  • Fandiño, R., Basanta, J., Sanmarco, J., Arce, R., & Fariña, F. (2021). Evaluation of the Executive Functioning and Psychological Adjustment of Child to Parent Offenders: Epidemiology and Quantification of Harm. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 616855. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.616855
  • Freedman, R. (2018). UNaccountable: A New Approach to Peacekeepers and Sexual Abuse. European Journal of International Law, 29(3), 961–985. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy039
  • Freedman, S. R. & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness as an Intervention Goal with Incest Survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.983
  • Fresán, A., Keeley, J. W., García, J. A., Martínez, J. N., Robles, R., Domínguez, T., Medina-Mora, M. E., Briken, P., Krueger, R. B., First, M. B., & Reed, G. M. (2022). The Influence of Clinician Gender and Attitudes on Judgments Related to Forensic Considerations in ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders: An Internet-Based Field Study. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 14(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2022a8
  • Grose, R. G., Chen, J. S., Roof, K. A., Rachel, S., & Yount, K. M. (2021). Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Violence against Women and Girls in Lower-Income Countries: A Review of Reviews. Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1707466
  • Hailes, H. P., Yu, R., Danese, A., & Fazel, S. (2019). Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Umbrella Review. Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 830–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30286-X
  • Ho, M. Y. & Worthington, E. L. (2020). Is the Concept of Forgiveness Universal? A Cross-Cultural Perspective Comparing Western and Eastern Cultures. Current Psychology, 39, 1749–1756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9875-x
  • Jenkins, T. (2018). Offence-related Effects and Perceptions of Forgiveness: Experiences of Victims and Offenders [Doctoral thesis, University of Griffith, Australia]. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/376761/Jenkins%2cTamera_thesis_redacted.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Jung, S., Faitakis, M., & Cheema, H. (2020). A Comparative Profile of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 27(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2020.1722268
  • Kania, R. & Cale, J. (2021). Preventing Sexual Violence through Bystander Intervention: Attitudes, Behaviors, Missed Opportunities, and Barriers to Intervention among Australian University Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), 2816–2840. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518764395
  • Koçtürk, N. (2023). Psychological Symptoms of Adolescent Survivors of Sexual Abuse and Characteristics of Survivors Displaying Suicidal and/or self-Harming Behaviors. Health Care for Women International, 44(9), 1136–1154. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.2021204
  • López-Barranco, P. J., Jiménez-Ruiz, I., Pérez-Martínez, M. J., Ruiz-Penin, A., & Jiménez-Barbero, J. A. (2022). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Violence in Dating Relationships in Adolescents and Young Adults. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 13(2), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.23923/j.rips.2022.02.055
  • Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2018). Prevalence of Multiple Forms of Sexting Behavior among Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314
  • Mailhot-Amborski, A., Bussieres, E. L., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Joyal, C. C. (2022). Sexual Violence against Persons with Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(4), 1330–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021995975
  • Malcom, W. M. & Greenberg, L. S. (2000). Forgiveness as a Process of Change in Individual Psychotherapy. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 179–202). Guilford.
  • Marcos, V., Gancedo, Y., Castro, B., & Selaya, A. (2020). Dating Violence Victimization, Perceived Gravity in Dating Violence Behaviors, Sexism, Romantic Love Myths and Emotional Dependence between Female and Male Adolescents. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 11(2), 132–145. https://doi.org10.23923/j.rips.2020.02.040
  • Marcos, V., Seijo, D., Montes, Á., & Arce, R. (2023). Prevalence and Quantification of the Effects of Sexual Harassment Victimization of School-Aged Adolescents. Children, 11(1), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010023
  • Mayorga, E. G., Novo, M., Fariña, F., & Arce, R. (2020). Destrezas cognitivas en menores infractores, de protección y normalizados: Un estudio de contraste [Cognitive Skills in Juvenile Offenders, Protection Normalized Youngsters: A Contrastive Study]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 52, 160–168 https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2020.v52.16
  • Miller, E., Jones, K. A., & McCauley, H. L. (2018). Updates on Adolescent Dating and Sexual Violence Prevention and Intervention. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 30(4), 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000637
  • Morais, H. B., Alexander, A. A., Fix, R. L., & Burkhart, B. R. (2018). Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adolescents Adjudicated for Sexual Offenses: Mental Health Consequences and Sexual Offending Behaviors. Sexual Abuse, 30(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063215625224
  • Moral, M. V. & Prieto, P. (2022). Emotional Dependence and Partner Cyber Abuse through Social Networks in Spanish University Students. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 13(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.23923/j.rips.2022.01.051
  • Mullet, E. (2012). Perdón y terapia. In F. J. Labrador & M. Crespo (Eds.), Psicología clínica basada en la evidencia [Evidence-Based Clinical Psychology] (pp. 137–152). Pirámide.
  • Nguyen, T. & Bellehumeur, C. (2013). Grieving the Loss Linked to Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivor: A Narrative Therapy in Search of Forgiveness. Counselling and Spirituality, 32(1), 37–58. https://10.2143/CS.32.1.298888
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Olson, C. L. (1976). On Choosing a Test Statistic in MANOVA. Psychological Bulletin, 83(4), 579–586. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.579
  • Orindi, B. O., Maina, B. W., Muuo, S. W., Birdthistle, I., Carter, D. J., Floyd, S., & Ziraba, A. (2020). Experiences of Violence among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements Prior to Scale-up of the DREAMS Partnership: Prevalence, Severity, and Predictors. PloS One, 15(4), Article e0231737. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231737
  • Oshodi, Y., Macharia, M., Lachman, A., & Seedat, S. (2020). Immediate and Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescent Female Rape Survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1-2), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682522
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Bias in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Prieto-Ursúa, M. (2022). On the Possibility of Forgiveness in Child Sexual Abuse. Papeles del Psicólogo, 44(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol.3008
  • Quintana-Orts, C., Rey, L., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2021). The Relationship between Forgiveness, Bullying, and Cyberbullying in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 588–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019869098
  • Redondo, L., Fariña, F., Seijo, D., Novo, M., & Arce, R. (2019). A Meta-Analytical Review of the Responses in the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF Clinical and Restructured Scales of Parents in Child Custody Dispute. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 35(1) 156–165. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.1.338381
  • Reed, E., Salazar, M., Behar, A. I., Agah, N., Silverman, J. G., Minnis, A. M., & Raj, A. (2019). Cyber Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and Association with Substance Use, Poor Mental Health, and STI History among Sexually Active Adolescent Girls. Journal of Adolescence, 75, 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.005
  • Sánchez, V., Muñoz-Fernández, N., & Vega-Gea, E. (2017). Peer Sexual Cybervictimization in Adolescents: Development and Validation of a Scale. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(2), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.04.001
  • Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H.S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2021). The State of the World´S Children 2021. On my Mind: Promoting, protecting, and Caring for Children’s Mental Health. Author. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2021
  • Villalta, L., Khadr, S., Chua, K. C., Kramer, T., Clarke, V., Viner, R. M., & Smith, P. (2020). Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Female Adolescents: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Impairment and Trauma Exposure after an Acute Sexual Assault. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1710400. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1710400
  • Walsh, K., Zwi, K., Woolfenden, S., & Shlonsky, A. (2018). School-based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(1), 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515619705
  • Wright, L. A., Zounlome, N. O. O., & Whiston, S. C. (2020). The Effectiveness of Male-Targeted Sexual Assault Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(5), 859–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018801330
  • Yoon, S., Voith, L. A., & Kobulsky, J. M. (2018). Gender Differences in Pathways from Child Physical and Sexual Abuse to Adolescent Risky Sexual Behavior among High-Risk Youth. Journal of Adolescence, 64, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.006
  • Walker-Descartes, I., Hopgood, G., Condado, L. V., & Legano, L. (2021). Sexual Violence against Children. Pediatric Clinics, 68(2), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.12.006
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Author. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women
Fonte de datos: Dialnet