Observación participante en una organización de filtraciones periodísticasel caso WikiLeaks

  1. Quian, Alberto
Revista:
Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales

ISSN: 1139-5737

Año de publicación: 2021

Título del ejemplar: Movimientos sociales

Número: 52

Páginas: 199-231

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5944/EMPIRIA.52.2021.31370 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales

Resumen

To explain the processes of a virtual community working with secret leaked documents, we use the participant observation method entering into the WikiLeaks’ collaborators network. In this way, we attempt to describe the processes of newsmaking in these emerging environments by observing the virtual space in which it works, the tools and procedures that normally are used, and the communication and information flows generated in it. The aim of this paper is to contribute to broaden knowledge about the emerging roles of researcher using online observation —and particularly in confidential virtual communities—, and to provide new methodological keys for studies focused on newsmaking.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • ABDELNOUR, J. (1998): “Virtual environments as spaces of symbolic construction and cultural identity”, en Cultural attitudes towards technology and communication, Sydney, University of Sydney, pp. 149-151.
  • ARQUILLA, J.; & RONFELDT, D. (1993): “Cyberwar Is Coming!”, en In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, Santa Monica, California, RAND Corporation, pp. 23-60.
  • ARQUILLA, J.; & RONFELDT, D. (1999): The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward an American Information Strategy, Santa Monica, California, RAND Corporation.
  • ARQUILLA, J.; & RONFELDT, D. (2001): Networks and netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime and Militancy, Santa Monica, California, RAND Corporation.
  • ASSANGE, J. et al. (2012): Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet, New York – London, OR Books.
  • BALL, J. (2012, 27 de febrero): WikiLeaks publishes Stratfor emails linked to Anonymous attack, disponible en http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/feb/27/wikileaks-publishes-stratfor-emails-anonymous [consulta: 4 de julio de 2019].
  • BECKER, H.S., & GEER, B. (1958): “Participant observation and interviewing: a rejoinder”, Human Organization, vol. 17, nº 2, pp. 39-40.
  • BECKETT, C., & MANSELL, R. (2008): “Crossing boundaries: New media and networked journalism”, Communication, Culture and Critique, 1, 92-104.
  • BENFORD, S., BOWERS, J., FAHLEN, L., GREENHALGH, C., & SNOWDON, D. (1995): “User embodiment in collaborative virtual environments”, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Systems (CHI’95), Denver, Colorado, USA.
  • BENFORD, S., GREENHALGH, C., RODDEN, T., & PYCOCK, J. (2001): “Collaborative virtual environments”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, Nº 7, pp. 79- 86.
  • BRAMAN, S. (2014). “«We Are Bradley Manning»: Information Policy, the Legal Subject, and the WikiLeaks Complex”, International Journal of Communication, 8, pp. 2603-2618.
  • BYRNE, J. A. (1993): “The Virtual Corporation”, Business Week, 8 de febrero, pp. 37- 41.
  • CASTELLS, M. (1997): La era de la información: economía, sociedad y cultura. Vol. 1. La sociedad red, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
  • CHADWICK, A. (2013): The hybrid media system: Politics and power, New York, Oxford University Press.
  • COLEMAN, G. (2014): Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous, London New York, Verso.
  • DE MAEYER, J., & DELVA, J.  (2020):  “When Computers were New: Shifts in the Journalistic Sensorium (1960s-1990s)”, Digital Journalism, pp. 1-18.
  • DRUCKER, P. (1988): “The coming of the new organization”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 66, nº 1, pp. 45-53.
  • ELÍAS, C. (2003): “Adaptación de la metodología de observación participante al estudio de los gabinetes de prensa como fuentes periodísticas”, Empiria Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, nº 6, pp. 145-159.
  • GÓMEZ CRUZ, E. (2002): “Espacio, ciberespacio e hiperespacio: nuevas configuraciones para leer la comunicación mediada por computadora”, Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación CONEICC IX, México, pp. 272-285.
  • HEINRICH, A. (2011): Network journalism: Journalistic practice in interactive spheres (Vol. 3), New York London, Routledge.
  • HIMANEN, P. (2001): The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of Information Age, New York, Random House.
  • HIRSCHHORN, L., & GILMORE, T. (1992): “The new boundaries of the ‘boundaryless’ company”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 70, nº 3, pp. 104-115.
  • HOOD, C. (2011): “From FOI World to WikiLeaks World: A New Chapter in the Transparency Story?”, Governance, vol. 24, nº. 4, pp. 635-638.
  • IANNELLI, L., & SPLENDORE, S. (2017): “Participation in the Hybrid Political Newsmaking and Its Consequences on Journalism Epistemology”, Comunicazioni Sociali, 3, pp. 436-447. 
  • IHAMÄKI, P. (2014): “User experiences in the Official WikiLeaks Forum”, International Journal of Information and Communication Technology, vol. 6, nº. 3/4, pp. 381- 402.
  • JARVIS, J. (2006, 5 de julio): Networked journalism, disponible en http://buzzmachine. com/2006/07/05/networked-journalism [consulta: 18 de abril de 2021].
  • JURGENSON, N., & REY, P.J. (2014): “Liquid Information Leaks”, International Journal of Communication, 8, pp. 2651-2665.
  • KHATCHADOURIAN, R. (2010, 7 de junio): No secrets: Julian Assange’s mission for total transparency, disponible en https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/06/07/ no-secrets [consulta: 18 de abril de 2021].
  • KERR, E., & HILTZ, S.R. (1982): Computer-mediated communication systems: Status and evaluation, New York, Academic Press.
  • KOH, J., & KIM, Y-G. (2004): “Knowledge sharing in virtual communities: an e-business perspective”, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 26, nº 2, pp. 155-166.
  • MCCALL, G.J., & SIMMONS, J.L. (1969): Issues in Participant Observation: A Text Reader, Reading (Massachussetts), Addison-Wesley.
  • MORAN,  R.E.  (2020): “Subscribing to Transparency: Trust-Building within Virtual Newsrooms on Slack”, Journalism Practice, pp. 1-17. 
  • MITRA, A., & SCHWARTZ, R.L. (2001): “From Cyber Space to Cybernetic Space: Rethinking the Relationship between Real and Virtual Spaces”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 7, 0-0.
  • NØRSKOV, S., & RASK, M. (2011): “Observation of Online Communities: A Discussion of Online and Offline Observer Roles in Studying Development, Cooperation and Coordination in an Open Source Software Environment”, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, vol. 12, nº 3, art. 5.
  • PACCAGNELLA, L. (1997): “Getting the Seats of Your Pants Dirty: Strategies for Ethnographic Research on Virtual Communities”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 3, 0-0.
  • PASTOR, Ll. (2010): Periodismo zombi en la era de las audiencias participativas. La gestión periodística del público (II), Barcelona, Editorial UOC.
  • PREECE, J. (2000): Online Communities: Designing Usability, Supporting Sociability, New York, Wiley.
  • QUIAN, A. (2013a): Impacto mediático y político de WikiLeaks, Barcelona, Editorial UOC.
  • QUIAN, A. (2013b): “Supermercados de la información en la era de la transrealidad”, Versión Estudios de Comunicación y Política Nueva Época, 31, pp. 51-65.
  • QUIAN, A., & ELÍAS, C. (2018): “Estrategias y razones del impacto de WikiLeaks en la opinión pública mundial”, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 162, pp. 91-110.
  • REICH, Z., & BARNOY, A. (2020): “How News Become ‘News’ in Increasingly Complex Ecosystems: Summarizing Almost Two Decades of Newsmaking Reconstructions”, Journalism Studies, 21:7, pp. 966-983.
  • RETEGUI, L. (2017). “La construcción de la noticia desde el lugar del emisor: una revisión del newsmaking”, Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública, vol. 23, pp. 103-121.
  • RHEINGOLD, H. (1993): “The Virtual Community: Finding Connection in a Computerized World”, Chicago, IL, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
  • SAADO, K., & HUSSEIN, A. (2020). “From laboratory life to newsroom practice: The use of actor-network theory and community of practice to explain newsroom practice and culture: Kurdish Network News as case study”, Journal of University of Raparin, 7(2), pp. 686-705.
  • SCHLESINGER, P. (1981): “Between Sociology and Journalism”, The Sociological Review, 29, pp. 341-369.
  • STERLING, B. (1992): “The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier”. New York: Bantam Books.
  • TÚÑEZ-LÓPEZ, J. M., TOURAL-BRAN C., & FRAZÃO-NOGUEIRA A. G. (2020): “From Data Journalism to Robotic Journalism: The Automation of News Processing”, en Journalistic Metamorphosis: Media Transformation in the Digital Age, Cham, Springer, pp. 17-28
  • URICCHIO, W. (2014): “True Confessions: WikiLeaks, Contested Truths, and Narrative Containment”, International Journal of Communication, 8, pp. 2567-2573.
  • WAHL-JORGENSEN, K. (2014): “Is WikiLeaks Challenging the Paradigm of Journalism? Boundary Work and Beyond”, International Journal of Communication, 8, pp. 2581-2592.
  • WALKER, H. (2006): “The virtual organisation: A new organisational form?”, International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, vol. 3, nº 1, pp. 25-41.
  • WELLMAN, B., & GULIA, M. (1999): “Virtual communities as communities: net surfers don’t ride alone”, en Communities in Cyberspace, London, Routledge, pp.167- 194.
  • WOLF, M. (1987): La investigación en la comunicación de masas: críticas y perspectivas, Barcelona, Paidós, 1996.
  • WRAY, S. (1998): “Electronic civil disobedience and the world wide web of hacktivism: a mapping of extraparliamentarian direct action net politics”, Switch, vol. 4, nº 2.
  • WRAY, S. (1999): “On Electronic Civil Disobedience”, Peace Review, vol. 11, nº 1, pp. 107-111.