Sistemas de verificación en medios nativos digitales e implicación de la audiencia en la lucha contra la desinformación en el modelo ibérico

  1. Sixto-García, José
  2. Rodríguez-Vázquez, Ana-Isabel 1
  3. López-García, Xosé 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
Revista:
Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI

ISSN: 1576-3420

Año de publicación: 2021

Número: 54

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.15198/SEECI.2021.54.E738 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI

Resumen

La desinformación constituye una seria amenaza para el ejercicio democrático del periodismo y para las sociedades en general. Mientras la prensa se adhiere a las recomendaciones y códigos éticos de diferentes organizaciones para proteger los derechos de los ciudadanos a recibir información veraz, los medios digitales ofrecen cada vez más posibilidades de participación de la audiencia. Perteneciente a esta doble realidad, esta investigación aborda los sistemas de verificación de contenidos generados por los usuarios de los periódicos nativos digitales más importantes de España y Portugal. Para este trabajo se entrevistó a los responsables de los sistemas dentro de cada periódico. Las conclusiones señalan que los periódicos otorgan gran importancia a la participación de las audiencias en la producción informativa, aunque también exponen la falta de sistemas de verificación de la información brindada por el público. Este trabajo aporta el análisis de casos concretos y la perspectiva de los profesionales en la lucha contra la desinformación. Aquí se argumenta que no es suficiente que los medios de comunicación se adhieran a pautas deontológicas externas, sino que deben desarrollar sistemas internos de verificación de noticias para recuperar su credibilidad, como fue el caso, por ejemplo, durante la pandemia de Coronavirus (ComScore, 2020).

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aitamurto, T. (2013). Balancing Between Open and Closed: Co–creation in Magazine Journalism. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 229-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2012.750150
  • Alcott, H., Gentzkow., M and Yu, C. (2019). Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media. Research and Politics, 1(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019848554
  • Allcott, H. and Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-36. https://doi.org/ 10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Bakir, V. and McStay, A. (2018). Fake News and The Economy of Emotions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 154-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645
  • Bridle, J. (2018). New Dark Age: Technology and the End of the Future. Verso.
  • Brites, MJ. (Coord.) (2017). Digital literacy and education (2014-July 2016), national reports (Portugal, UK, Ireland, Spain, Serbia and Italy). ELN - European literacy network, digital literacy team (WG2). https://www.is1401eln.eu/en/gca/index.php?id=149 
  • Buckingham, D. (2019). Teaching media in a ‘post-truth’ age: fake news, media bias and the challenge for media/digital literacy education. Culture and Education, 31(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1603814
  • Calvo, MA., Abarca, L. and Trape,  J. (1981). Comparative study Trichophyton Mentagrophytes and Trichophyton Verrucosum. Sabouraudia: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, 19(1), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00362178185380031
  • Carlson, M.(2018). The information politics of journalism in a post-truth age. Journalism Studies, 19(13), 1879–1888. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1494513
  • Carlson, M. (2016). Embedded links, embedded meanings: Social media commentary and news sharing as mundane media criticism. Journalism Studies, 17(7), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1169210
  • Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, JA., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., Kawata, A., Kovvuri, A., Martin, J., Morgan, E., Sandhu, M., Sang, R., Scholz-Bright, R., Welch, A., Wolff, A., Zhou, A. and Nyhan, B. (2019). Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media. Polit Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
  • ComScore (2020). Traditional media regains power and credibility during the Coronavirus pandemic. https://bit.ly/2RlXplv
  • Davis, S. (April, 7, 2020). Could a limit on forwarding messages slow coronavirus fake news? Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/07/could-a-limit-on-forwarding-messages-slow-coronavirus-fake-news
  • Egelhofer, JL. and Lecheler, S. (2019). Fake news as a two-dimensional phenomenon: a framework and research agenda, Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1602782
  • European Commission (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent high level group on fake news and online disinformation.  Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2020). Fighting disinformation. https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation_en
  • Fact Checking Network (2016). Code of Principles. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/
  • Fake News Challenge (2020). Exploring how artificial intelligence technologies could be leveraged to combat fake news. http://www.fakenewschallenge.org/
  • Frederiksen, L. (2017). Fake News. Public Services Quarterly, 13(2), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2017.1301231
  • Frenkel, S., Alba, D. and Zhong, R. (March, 8, 2020). Surge of Virus Misinformation Stumps Facebook and Twitter. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/08/technology/coronavirus-misinformation-social-media.html
  • Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A. and Storbacka, K. (2015) Managing co-creation design: A strategic approach to innovation. British Journal of Management, 26, 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12087
  • Guess, A., Nyhan, B. and Reifler, J. (2018) Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U. S. presidential campaign [Pdf File]. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~nyhan/fake-news-2016.pdf
  • Guijarro-Fuentes, P. (2005). Tiempo y Aspecto: estudio comparativo entre nativos y no nativos de nivel avanzado de español. Hispanic Research Journal, 6(2), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1179/146827305X38760
  • Gutiérrez-Martín, A., Torrego-González, A. & Vicente-Mariño, M. (2019).  Media education with the monetization of YouTube: the loss of truth as an exchange value. Culture and Education, 31(2), 267-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1597443
  • Habgood-Coote, J. (2019). Stop talking about fake news! Inquiry, 62(9-10), 1033-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2018.1508363
  • Herrero-Diz, P., Conde-Jiménez, J., Tapia-Frade, A. and Varona-Aramburu, D. (2019). The credibility of online news: an evaluation of the information by university students. Culture and Education, 31(2), 407-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1601937
  • Hietanen, A., Era, P., Henrichsen, J., Rosenhall, U., Sorri, M. and Heikkinen, E. (2005). Hearing among 75-year-old people in three Nordic localities: A comparative study. International Journal of Audiology, 44(9), 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/14992020500189112
  • Horne, BD. and Adali, S. (2017). This just in: Fake news packs a lot in title, uses simpler, repetitive content in text body, more similar to satire than real news. arXiv:1703.09398 [cs.SI] [Pdf File]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09398 Hoxha, A. and Hanitzsch, T. (2018). How conflict news comes into being: Reconstructing ‘reality’ through telling stories. Media, War & Conflict, 11(1), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750635217727313
  • Igartua, JJ. (2006) Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en Comunicación. Bosch.
  • Ind, N. and Coates, N. (2013). The meanings of co‐creation. European Business Review, 25(1), 86-95.
  • Ireton, C. and Posett,i J. (Eds) (2018). Journalism, ‘fake news’ and disinformation: Handbook for journalism education and training. Unesco.
  • Lazer, D., Baum, M., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A., Greenhill, K,. Menczer, F., Metzger, M., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S., Sunstein, C., Thorson, E., Watts, D. and Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science 359(6380), 1094-1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998
  • Lazer, D., Baum, M., Grinberg, N., Friedland, L., Joseph, K., Hobbs, W. and Mattsson, C. (2017). Combating fake news: An agenda for Research and Action [Pdf Files].https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Combating-Fake-News-Agenda-for-Research-1.pdf
  • López-Roldán, P. and Fachelli, S. (2015). El diseño de la muestra. In: P. López-Roldán and S. Fachelli (eds.) Metodología de la investigación social cuantitativa. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
  • Lyons, T. (December 20, 2017). Facebook app Replacing Disputed Flags with Related Articles. Facebook. https://about.fb.com/news/2017/12/news-feed-fyi-updates-in-our-fight-against-misinformation/
  • Malmelin, N. and Villi, M. (2016). Audience Community as a Strategic Resource in Media Work. Journalism Practice, 10(5), 589-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1036903
  • McDougall, J., Brites, MJ., Couto, MJ. and Lucas, C. (2019). Digital literacy, fake news and education. Culture and Education, 31(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1603632
  • Mondéjar, D. (May 17, 2019). Verificadores de verificadores, la Unión Europea y Facebook: actores en la lucha contra la desinformación. https://mip.umh.es/blog/2019/05/17/verificadores-union-europea-facebook-desinformacion/
  • Moreno-Caballud, L. (2014). Cuando cualquiera escribe. Procesos democratizadores de la cultura escrita en la crisis de la Cultura de la Transición española. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies, 15 (1-2), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2014.938441
  • Napoli, P. (2010). Revisiting ‘mass communication’ and the ‘work’ of the audience in the new media environment. Media, Culture & Society, 32(3), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443710361658
  • Nelson, JL. and Taneja, H. (2018). The small, disloyal fake news audience: The role of audience availability in fake news consumption. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3720-3737. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444818758715
  • Otzen, T. and Manterola, C. (2017). Sampling Techniques on a Population Study. International Journal of Morphology, 35, 227-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022017000100037.
  • Park, K., Kim, T., Yoon, S., Cha, M. and Jung, K. (2020). BaitWatcher: A lightweight web interface for the detection of incongruent news headlines. In: K. Shu K, S. Wang, D. Lee and H. Liu (Eds.) Fake News, Disinformation and Misinformation in Social Media-Emerging Research Challenges and Opportunities. Springer.
  • Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E. and Rand, DG. (2020). The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings. Management Science, 66(11), 4944-4957. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478
  • Pérez, J. (March 12, 2019). Facebook ficha a Newtral y Maldita para combatir las noticias falsas. https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2019/03/12/actualidad/1552350738_032029.html
  • Pérez-Escoda, A,. García-Ruiz, R. and Aguaded, I. (2019) Dimensions of digital literacy based on five models of development. Culture and Education, 31(2), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2019.1603274
  • Pomerleau, D. and Rao, D. (2016). Fake news challenge stage 1 (FNC-I): Stance detection. http://www.fakenewschallenge.org
  • Reuters Institute (2019). Digital News Report 2019, Instituto Reuters Institute/ University of Oxford, http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/
  • Rietjens, S. (2019). Unraveling Disinformation: The Case of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17. The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs, 21(3), 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/23800992.2019.1695666
  • Shao, C., Ciampaglia, GL., Varol, O., Flammini, A. and Menczer, F. (2018). The spread of fake news by social bots. Nature Communications,  9, 4787-4828. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06930-7
  • Tandoc, E., Lim, Z. and Ling, R. (2018). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • Wardle, C. and Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking [Pdf File]. Council of Europe Wigley, C. (2013). Dispelling three myths about Likert scales in communication trait research. Communication Research Reports, 30(4), 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2013.836937