Children exposed to intimate partner violenceimpact assessment and guidelines for intervention
- Sandra Carracedo 1
- Francisca Fariña 1
- Dolores Seijo 2
-
1
Universidade de Vigo
info
-
2
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
info
ISSN: 2340-8340
Ano de publicación: 2018
Volume: 5
Número: 3
Páxinas: 16-22
Tipo: Artigo
Outras publicacións en: Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes
Resumo
In recent years there have been significant changes in the system of protection of children and adolescents in Spain. One of the most important changes that has affected intimate partner violence (IPV) is the category of victims, which includes children who have been exposed to situations of gender-based violence among their parents. This study aims to analyze the impact that exposure to gender violence can have in children’s psychological development, specifically in the emotional and social areas. We recruited 132 children whose mean age was 9.54 years (SD = 2.18), 47.7% were girls. Of this sample, 66 participants reported being exposed to situations of gender violence and the rest had not been exposed. Psychological adjustment was assessed through the self-reported version of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Assessment System (BASC-S2). The results indicated that children who have been exposed to gender violence have higher scores on psychosocial disorders compared to children from non-violent families. In global terms, the results showed that children exposed to violence show greater adaptive and emotional difficulties. A reflection on the identified needs and their implications for evaluation and intervention is presented.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Arce, R., Fariña, F., & Seijo, D. (2005). Razonamientos judiciales en procesos de separación: Análisis cognitivo y de contenido de las motivaciones [Judicial reasoning in parental separation and divorce proceedings: Cognitive and content analysis of motivations]. Psicothema, 17(1), 57-63. Retrieved from http://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3064.pdf
- Arce, R., Fariña, F., & Vilariño, M. (2015). Daño psicológico en casos de víctimas de violencia de género: Un estudio comparativo de las evaluaciones forenses [Psychological injury in intimate partner violence cases: A contrastive analysis of forensic measures]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 6(2), 72-80. doi: 10.1016/j.rips.2015.04.002
- Baker, L., & Cunningham, A. (2005). Learning to listen. Learning to help. Understand woman abuse and its effects on children. Retrieved from http:// www.lfcc.on.ca/learning.html
- Brown, S., Fite, P., Stone, K., & Bortolato, M. (2016). Accounting for the associations between child maltreatment and internalizing problems: The role of alexithymia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 20-28. doi: 10.1016/j. chiabu.2015.12.008
- Callaghan, J. E. M., Alexander, J., & Fellin, L. C. (2016). Children´s embodied experience of living with domestic violence: “I” d go into my panic, and shake, really bad”. Subjectivity, 9(4), 399-419.
- Camisasca, E., Miragoli, S., Di Blasio, P., & Grych, J. (2017). Children’s coping strategies to inter-parental conflict: The moderating role of attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(4), 1099-1111. doi: 10.1007/ s10826-016-0645-9
- Cater, A. K., Miller, L. E., Howell, K. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2015). Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and adult mental health problems: Relationships with gender and age of exposure. Journal of Family Violence, 30(7), 875-886. doi: 10.1007/s10896-015-9703-0
- Chan, Y. C., & Yeung, J. W. K. (2009). Children living with violence within the family and its sequel: A meta-analysis from 1995–2006. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 313-322. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2009.04.001
- Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (2012). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics, 129(1), 224-231. doi: 10.1542/ peds.2011-2662
- Contreras, L., & Cano, M. C. (2016). Child-to-parent violence: The role of exposure to violence and its relationship to social-cognitive processing. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8(2), 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.03.003
- DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D (2009). Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 353-361. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.08.002
- European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014). Violence against women: An EU-wide Survey. Main Results. Retrieved from http://fra.europa. eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results-apr14_en.pdf
- Delegación del Gobierno para la Violencia de Género (2015). Macroencuesta violencia contra la mujer 2015. Avance de Resultados: Hay salida a la violencia [2015 violence agaisnt women macro-survey: Results’ advance. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Retrieved from http://www.violenciagenero.msssi.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/macroencuesta2015/pdf/AVANCE_ MA CROENCUESTA_VIOLENCIA_CONTRA_LA_MUJER_2015.pdf
- Fariña, F., Arce, R., & Seijo, D. (2009). Programa de ayuda a los hijos que han vivido violencia familiar [Children helping programme living domestic violence]. In F. Fariña, R. Arce, & G. Buela-Casal (Eds.), Violencia de género: Tratado psicológico y legal (pp. 251-265). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
- Gallagher, E., Huth-Bocks, A., & Schmitt, T. (2015). The impact of mothers’ relationship quality and parenting on children´s peer relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 36(3), 421-442. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13487680
- Gilroy, H., McFarlane, J., Maddoux, J., & Sullivan, C. M. (2016). Homelessness, housing instability, intimate partner violence, mental health and functioning: A multi-year cohort study of IPV survivors and their children. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 25(2), 86-94. doi: 10.1080/10530789.2016.1245258
- González-Marqués, J., Fernández-Guinea, S., Santamaría, P., Pereña, J., & Pérez-Hernández, E. (2004). Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta en Niños y Adolescentes: BASC-S2 [Behavior Assessment System for Children: BASC-S2]. Madrid: TEA.
- Gómez-Ortiz, O., Casa, C., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2016). Ansiedad social en adolescencia: Factores psicoevolutivos y de contextos familiar [Social anxiety in adolescence: psychoevolutionary and family factors]. Behavioral Psychology, 24(1), 29-49.
- Gracia, E., Rodríguez, C. M., Martín-Fernández, M., & Lila, M. (2017). Acceptability of family violence: Underlying ties between intimate partner violence and child abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0886260517707310
- Graham-Bermann, S. A., & Miller-Graff, L. (2015). Community-based intervention for women exposed to intimate violence partner: A randomized control trial. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(4), 537-547. doi: 10.1037/fam0000091
- Groves, B. (1999). Mental health services for children who witness domestic violence. Domestic Violence and Children, 9, 122-130. doi: 10.2307/1602786
- Haj-Yahia, M. M. (2001). The incidence of witnessing interparental violence and some of its psychological consequences among Arab adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 885-907. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00245-9
- Hawes, D., Eisenberg, N., Kohlhoff, J., & Dudeney, J. (2017). Emotional socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 65-80. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001
- Holden, G. W. (2003). Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: Terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 6, 151-160.
- Holt, S., Bucley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 797-810. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004
- Howarth, E., Moore, T., Welton, N., Lewis, N., Stanley, N., MacMillan, H., … Feder, G. (2016). IMPRoving. Outcomes for children exposed to domestic violence (IMPROVE): An evidence synthesis. Public Health Research, 4(10). doi: 10.3310/phr04100
- Howell, K., Barnes, S. E., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016). Developmental variations in the impact of intimate partner violence exposure during childhood. Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 8(1), 43-51. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v8i1.663
- Howell, K., Cater, A. C., Miller-Graff, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2015). The process of reporting and receiving support following exposure to intimate violence partner during childhood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10(16), 2886-2907. doi: 10.1177/0886260514554289
- Howell, K., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2011). The multiple impacts of intimate partner violence on preschool children. In S. A. Graham-Bermann y A. Lenvendosky (Eds.), How intimate partner violence affects children. Development research, case studies and evidence-based intervention (pp. 87- 107). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Howell, K. H., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2012). Inconsistencies in mothers’ and group therapists’ evaluations of resilience in preschool children who live in households with intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 27(6), 489-497. doi: 10.1007/s10896-012-9446-0
- Kazt, E. (2016). Beyond the physical incident model: Children living with domestic violence are harmed by and resist regimes of coercive control. Child Abuse Review, 25, 46-59. doi: 10.1002/car.2422.
- Katz, L. F., Hessler, D. M., & Annest, A. (2007). Domestic violence, emotional competence, and child adjustment. Social Development, 16(3), 513-538. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00401.x
- Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witness to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 339-352. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339
- Limiñana, A. R., Suriá, R., & Mateo, M. A. (2017). Problemas de conducta infantil y competencias parentales en madres en contextos de violencia de género [Child behaviour problems and parenting skills of mothers in environments of intimate partner violence]. Gaceta Sanitaria. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.02.004
- López-Soler, C., AlcántaraLópez, M., Castro, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Fernández, V. (2016). The association between maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and emotional and behavioral problems in Spanish children and adolescents. Journal of Family Violence, 32, 135-144. doi: 10.1007/s10896-016-9864-5
- Lundy, M., & Grossman, S. F. (2005). The mental health and service needs of young children exposed to domestic violence: supportive data. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 86(1), 17-29. doi: 10.1606/1044-3894.1873
- Mateos-Pérez, E., Calvete, E., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). Negative inferences as mediators of the predictive association between early maladaptive schemas and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(3), 259-276. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.259
- MacMillan, H. L., & Wathen, C. N. (2014). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 295-308. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.12.008
- McDonald, S. E., Collins, E. A., Nicoreta, N., Hageman, T. O., Ascione, F. R., Williams, J. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2015). Children’s experiences of companion animal maltreatment in households characterized by intimate partner violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 50, 126-127. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.005
- McTavish, J. R., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., & MacMillan, H. L. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: An overview. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(5), 504-518. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1205001
- Miller, L. E. (2014). Perceived threat in childhood a review of research and implications for children living in violent households. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16, 153-168. doi: 10.1177/1524838013517563
- Miller-Graff, L. E., Cater, A. K., Howell, K. H., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016). Parent–child warmth as a potential mediator of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and positive adulthood functioning. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 29(3), 259-273. doi: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1028030
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. (2016). Ficha resumen de víctimas mortales por violencia de género [Summary sheet of deadly victims by gender violence]. Retrieved from http://www.violenciagenero. msssi.gob.es/violenciaEnCifras/victimasMortales/fichaMujeres/
- Moreno-Torres, J. (2015). Modificación del sistema de protección a la infancia y a la adolescencia. Guía para profesionales y agentes sociales [Modification of the child and adolescence protection system: Guide for professionals and social agents]. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.es/publicaciones/ modificacion-del-sistema-de-proteccion-la-infancia-y-la-adolescencia
- Novo, M., Herbón, J., & Amado, B. G. (2016). Género y victimización: Efectos en la evaluación de la violencia psicológica sutil y manifiesta, apego adulto y tácticas de resolución de conflictos [Victimization and gender: Effects in the evaluation of subtle and overt violence, adult attachment and conflict resolution tactics]. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 7(2), 89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.rips.2016.05.002
- Observatorio de la Infancia (2014). Protocolo básico de intervención contra el maltrato infantil en el ámbito familiar: Actualizado a la intervención en los supuestos de menores de edad víctimas de violencia de género [Basic protocol for intervention against child maltreatment in family setting: Actualising the intervention in cases of under-age gender violence victims]. Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.
- Olaya, B., Ezpeleta, L., Osa, N., Granero, J., & Doménech, M. (2010). Mental health needs of children exposed to intimate partner violence seeking help from mental health services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1004-1011. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.028
- Peisch, V., Parent, J., Forehand, R., Golub, A., Reid, M., & Price, M. (2016). Intimate Partner violence in cohabiting families: Reports by multiple informants and associations with adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Violence, 31(6), 747-757. doi: 10.1007/s10896-016-9808-0
- Peled, E. (2011). Abused women who abuse their children: A critical review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 325-330. doi: 10.1016/j. avb.2011.04.007
- Perkins, S., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2012). Violence exposure and development of school-related functioning: Mental health, neurocognition, and learning. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2011.10.001
- Pinto, A., Verissímo, M., Gatinho, A., &Vaughn, B. E. (2015). Direct and indirect relations between parent–child attachments, peer acceptance, and self-esteem for preschool children. Attachment and Human Development, 17(6), 586-598. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1093009
- Renner, L. M., & Boel-Studt, S. (2017). Physical family violence and externalizing and internalizing behaviors among children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthospsychiatry, 87(4), 474-486. doi: 10.1037/ort0000260
- Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1998). Behaviour Assessment System for Children/B2 (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
- Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Saldaña, O., Almendros, C., Martín-Peña, J., Escartín, J., & Porrúa-García, C. (2015). Group psychological abuse: Taxonomy and severity of its components. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 7(1), 31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.001
- Seijo, D., Fariña, F., Corras, T., Novo, M., & Arce, R. (2016). Estimating the epidemiology and quantifying the damages of parental separation in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1611. doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2016.01611
- Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, S. D., & The Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), 232-246. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2663
- Tailor, K., Stewart-Tufescu, A., & Piotrowski, C. (2015). Children exposed to intimate partner violence: Influences of parenting, family distress and sibling. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 29-38. doi: 10.1037/a0038584
- Vilariño, M., Arce, R., & Fariña, F. (2013). Forensic-clinical interview: Reliability and validity for the evaluation of psychological injury. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 5(1), 1-21. Retrieved from http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/ejpalc/v5n1/original1.pdf
- Veríssimo, M., Santos, A. J., Fernandes, C., Shin, N., & Vaughn, B. E. (2014). Associations between attachment security and social competence in preschool children. Merrill Palmer Quartely, 60(1), 80-99.