Comunicación algorítmica en los partidos políticosautomatización de producción y circulación de mensajes

  1. Eva Campos-Domínguez 1
  2. Berta García-Orosa 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

  2. 2 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Zeitschrift:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710 1699-2407

Datum der Publikation: 2018

Titel der Ausgabe: Infomediación y automatización

Ausgabe: 27

Nummer: 4

Seiten: 769-777

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2018.JUL.06 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen Access editor

Andere Publikationen in: El profesional de la información

Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung

Zusammenfassung

Algorithms in the strategies of political parties are becoming increasingly significant, particularly with the use of big data and the inclusion of the automation in the production and circulation of online content obtained from personal data. This paper studies the scope of algorithmic political communication, its strengths, weaknesses and implications in democracy in order to measure the real scenario of robotized information in parties. A qualitative analysis is designed based on in-depth interviews with political advisors and consultants. The results highlight the widespread implementation of algorithmic political communication in the main Spanish parties, although their level of development is irregular. It’s detected that automated information systems are being used primarily in the pre-production and circulation phase of the message and are beginning to be implemented in the production phases. Robots advance in their path as infomediaries between politicians and citizens.

Informationen zur Finanzierung

Esta investigación se enmarca en los proyectos de investigación del plan nacional de I+D+i Usos y preferencias informativas en el nuevo mapa de medios en España: modelos de periodismo para dispositivos móviles (Referencia: CSO2015-64662-C4-4-R), del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España y en la Red Xescom (Redes 2016 GI-1641 Xescom), y Estrategias, agendas y discursos en las cibercampañas electorales: medios de comunicación y ciudadanos (referencia CSO2016-77331-C2-1-R) del grupo Mediaflows.

Geldgeber

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Anderson, Christopher (2013). “Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism”. New media & society, v. 15, n. 7, pp. 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137
  • Arcila-Calderón, Carlos; Ortega-Mohedano, Félix; Jiménez-Amores, Javier; Trullenque, Sofía (2017). “Análisis supervisado de sentimientos políticos en español: clasificación en tiempo real de tweets basada en aprendizaje automático”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 5, pp. 973-982. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.sep.18
  • Bessi, Alessandro; Ferrara, Emilio (2016). “Social bots distort the 2016 US Presidential election online discussion”. First Monday, v. 21, n. 11. http://firstmonday.org/article/view/7090/5653
  • Campos-Domínguez, Eva; Calvo, Dafne (2017). “La campaña electoral en internet: planificación, repercusión y viralización en Twitter durante las elecciones españolas de 2015”. Comunicación y sociedad, n. 29, pp. 93-116. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=34650597006
  • Campos-Domínguez, Eva; Redondo-García, Marta; Cala-Siria, Reyes; Rodríguez-Pallares, Miriam; Fiuri, Erika; Risueño, Iván (2017). “La organización y estrategias de la cibercampaña de los partidos políticos españoles: 2015-2016. En: Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
  • Carlson, Matt (2015). “The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
  • Chadwick, Andrew (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford, UK: Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. ISBN: 978 0 199759477
  • Coddington, Mark (2015). “Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism, and computer-assisted reporting”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400
  • Dader, José-Luis (2017). “Campañas públicas ‘online’. La realidad española frente al horizonte internacional del ‘tecnocabildeo’”. En: Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
  • Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.) (2017). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
  • Dommett, Katharine (2018). “Roadblocks to interactive digital adoption? Elite perspectives of party practices in the United Kingdom”. Party politics, Febr. 27th. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818761196
  • Dörr, Konstantin (2016). “Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 4, n. 6, pp. 700-722. http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/114298/1/MAPPING_ THE_FIELD_OF_ALGORITHMIC_JOURNALISM_DoerrK_.pdf https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
  • Ferrara, Emilio (2017). “Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election”. ArXiv 1707.00086. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.00086.pdf
  • Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (2016). “The rise of social bots”. Communications of the ACM, v. 59, n. 7, pp. 96-104. https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.5225 https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Forelle, Michelle; Howard, Philip N.; Monroy-Hernández, Andrés; Savage, Saiph (2015). “Political bots and the manipulation of public opinion in Venezuela”. SSRN, July 25th. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635800
  • García-Orosa, Berta; Vázquez-Sande, Pablo; López-García, Xosé (2017). “Narrativas digitales de los principales partidos políticos de España, Francia, Portugal y Estados Unidos”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 589-600. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.jul.03
  • Graefe, Andreas (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Columbia: Columbia Journalism School. https://towcenter.org/research/guide-to-automatedjournalism
  • Gutiérrez-Rubí, Antoni (2016). “Bots para la comunicación política”. Antoni Gutiérrez-Rubí, 2 noviembre. https://www.gutierrez-rubi.es/2016/11/02/bots-encomunicacion-politica
  • Gutiérrez-Rubí, Antoni (2018). “¿Asistentes virtuales también para partidos y políticos?”. El país, 26 febrero. https://pol i t ica.elpais .com/pol i t ica/2018/02/26/ micropolitica/1519636154_945042.html
  • Haim, Mario; Graefe, Andreas (2017). “Automated news”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 8, pp. 1044-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345643
  • Hamilton, James T.; Turner, Fred (2009). Accountability through algorithm: Developing the field of computational journalism. Report from Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences, Summer Workshop, 27-31 July. http://web.stanford.edu/~fturner/Hamilton%20Turner%20 Acc%20by%20Alg%20Final.pdf
  • Howard, Philip N.; Kollanyi, Bence; Woolley, Samuel (2016). “Bots and automation over Twitter during the US election”. Computational propaganda project: Working paper series. http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/ bots-and-automation-over-twitter-during-the-u-s-election
  • Howard, Philip N.; Woolley, Samuel; Calo, Ryan (2018). “Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration”. Journal of information technology & politics, v. 15, n. 2, pp. 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735
  • Jung, Jaemin; Song, Haeyeop; Kim, Youngju; Im, Hyunsuk; Oh, Sewook (2017). “Intrusion of software robots into journalism: The public’s and journalists’ perceptions of news written by algorithms and human journalists”. Computers in human behavior, v. 71, pp. 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.022
  • Just, Natascha; Latzer, Michael (2017). “Governance by algorithms: Reality construction by algorithmic selection on the internet”. Media, culture & society, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 238-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643157
  • Kreiss, Daniel (2014). “Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle”. New media & society, v. 18, n. 8, pp. 1473-1490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562445
  • Kreiss, Daniel; Jasinski, Christopher (2016). “The tech industry meets presidential politics: Explaining the democratic party’s technological advantage in electoral campaigning, 2004-2012”. Political communication, v. 33, n. 4, pp. 544-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1121941
  • Kvale, Steinar (2011). Las entrevistas en investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata. ISBN: 978 84 71126306
  • Lewis, Seth C. (2015). “Journalism in an era of big data. Cases, concepts and critiques”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976399
  • Lilleker, Darren G.; Tenscher, Jens; Å tětka, Václav (2015). “Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media’s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective”. Information, communication and society, v. 18, n. 7, pp. 747-765. https://goo.gl/FXo49G https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.993679
  • Lim, Yon-Soo; Park, Han-Woo (2013). “The structural relationship between politicians’ web visibility and political finance networks: A case study of South Korea’s National Assembly members”. New media & society, v. 15, n. 1, pp. 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457335
  • Lindén, Carl-Gustav (2017). “Decades of automation in the newsroom”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1160791
  • López-Urrea, Laura-María; Páez-Valdez, Julián-Enrique; Cuellar-Rodríguez, Arlex-Darwin (2016). “El discurso político mediado por ordenadores: Análisis del discurso en las cuentas del presidente Juan Manuel Santos y del ex presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez en la red social digital Twitter”. Revista nexus comunicación, n. 19, pp. 110-129. https://doi.org/10.25100/nc.v0i19.666
  • Mattelart, Armand; Vitalis, André (2015). De Orwell al cibercontrol. Barcelona: Gedisa. ISBN: 978 84 9784 884 8
  • McEnnis, Simon (2017). “Playing on the same pitch. Attitudes of sports journalists towards fan blogger”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 5, pp. 549-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1246374
  • Montal, Tal; Reich, Zvi (2017). “I, robot. You, journalist. Who is the author? Authorship, bylines and full disclosure in automated journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 7, pp. 829849. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
  • Murthy, Dhiraj; Powell, Alison B.; Tinati, Ramine; Anstead, Nick; Carr, Leslie; Halford, Susan J.; Weal, Mark (2016). “Automation, algorithms, and politics| Bots and political influence: A sociotechnical investigation of social network capital”. International journal of communication, v. 10, n. 20, pp. 4952-4971. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6271
  • Napoli, Philip M. (2014). “Automated media: An institutional theory perspective on algorithmic media production and consumption”. Communication theory, v. 24, n. 3, pp. 340360. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12039
  • Orcutt, Mike (2012). “Twitter mischief plagues Mexico’s election”. MIT technology review, June 21st. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/428286/twittermischief-plagues-mexicos-election
  • Persily, Nathaniel (2016). “Can democracy survive the internet?”. Journal of democracy, v. 28, n. 2, pp. 63-76. https ://www-cdn. law.stanford .edu/wp-content/ uploads/2017/04/07_28.2_Persily-web.pdf
  • Puyosa, Iria (2017). “Bots políticos en Twitter en la campaña presidencial #Ecuador2017”. Contratexto, n. 27, pp. 39-60. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto.2017.027.002
  • Qu, Sandy; Dumay, John (2011). “The qualitative research interview”. Qualitative research in accounting & management, v. 8, n. 3, pp. 238-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111162070
  • Redondo, Marta; Calvo, Dafne; Díez-Garrido, María (2017). “Calisto, un software para la construcción del discurso político”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 756-764. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.jul.19
  • Salas, Javier (2018). “Los ‘bots’ contaminaron el 1 de octubre con un millón de tuits”. El país, 22 febrero. https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2018/02/22/actualidad/1519294934_671924.html
  • Sánchez-Gonzales, Hada M.; Sánchez-González, María (2017). “Los bots como servicio de noticias y de conectividad emocional con las audiencias. El caso de Politibot”. Doxa comunicación, n. 25, pp. 63-84. http://dspace.ceu.es/bitstream/10637/8765/1/Bots_ HadaSanchez_MariaSanchez_Doxa_2017.pdf
  • Schweitzer, Eva-Johanna (2011). “Normalization 2.0: A longitudinal analysis of German online campaigns in the national elections 2002-9”. European journal of communication, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111423378
  • Serrano-Cobos, Jorge (2014). “Big data y analítica web. Estudiar las corrientes y pescar en un océano de datos”. El profesional de la información, v. 23, n. 6, pp. 561-565. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2014.nov.01
  • Strandberg, Kim (2008). “Online electoral competition in different settings. A comparative meta-analysis of the research on party websites and online electoral competition”. Party politics, v. 14, n. 2, pp. 223-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807085891
  • Van-der-Kaa, Hille A.; Krahmer, Emiel J. (2014). “Journalist versus news consumer: The perceived credibility of machine written news”. In: Proceedings of the Computation+ journalism conference, Columbia University, New York, pp. 24-25. https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/files/4314960/c
  • Waddell, T. Franklin (2017). “A robot wrote this? How perceived machine authorship affects news credibility”. Digital journalism, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1384319
  • Wölker, Anja; Powell, Thomas E. (2018). “Algorithms in the newsroom? News readers’ perceived credibility and selection of automated journalism”. Journalism, Online first, Febr. 18, 18 pp. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918757072