Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Stice�s Bulimia in a Non-Clinical Sample

  1. Ruisoto Palomera, Pablo
  2. Cacho Fernández, Raúl
  3. López Goñi, José Javier
  4. Real Deus, José Eulogio
  5. Vaca Gallegos, Silvia Libertad
  6. Mayoral Babiano, Paula
Zeitschrift:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Datum der Publikation: 2015

Ausgabe: 18

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2015.58 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen Access editor

Andere Publikationen in: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Zusammenfassung

Some females are at an increased risk of developing bulimia. However, etiological factors and their interplay remain controversial. The present study analyzed Sticefe Model for eating disorders in a non-clinical population by examining gender differences with respect to the following risk factors: body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, perceived social pressure to be thin, body-thin internalization, and dieting behavior. A sample of 162 American college students (64 males and 91 females) was surveyed, and validated scales were used. The Sticey model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling. Our results supported Stice r Dual Pathway Model of bulimic pathology for females but not for males. Females reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, perceived pressure to be thin and weight-loss oriented behaviors than males (p < .05), but no gender differences were found in their degree of body thin internalization (p > .05), a key predictor of body dissatisfaction (r = .33; p < .01). Participants with higher BMI reported greater social pressure to be thin than those with lower BMI (p < .05). However, females engaged in dietary restraint, the main risk factor for eating disorders, regardless of their BMI (p > .05) although their BMI was significantly lower than males (d = 0,51). The results of this study fail to support the role of BMI as a predictor of dietary restraint in females, the main risk factor of eating disorders. Males may abstain from dietary restraint to gain muscular volume and in turn increase their BMI. Implications are discussed.

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed., Text Rev.). Washington, DC: Author
  • Andrés A., & Saldaña C. (2014). Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint influence binge eating behavior. Nutrition Research, 34, 944–950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.003
  • Batterink L., Yokim S., & Stice E. (2010). Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 52, 1696–1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.059
  • Bauer S., Papezova H., Chereches R., Caselli G., McLoughlin O., Szumska I.,... Moessner M. (2013). Advances in the prevention and early intervention of eating disorders: The potential of Internet-delivered approaches. Mental Health & Prevention, 1, 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2013.10.003
  • Bohon C., Stice E., & Spoor S. (2009). Female emotional eaters show abnormalities in consummatory and anticipatory food reward: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 210–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20615
  • Brennan M. A., Lalonde C. E., & Bain J. L. (2010). Body image perceptions: Do gender differences exist? Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 15, 1089–4136.
  • Brumberg J. J. (1997). The body project: An intimate history of American girls. New York, NY: Random House.
  • Brunson J. A., Overup C. S., Nguyen M. L., Novak S. A., & Smith C. V. (2014). Good intentions gone awrey? Effects of weight-related social control on health and well being. Body Image, 11, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.08.003
  • Burger K. S., & Stice E. (2011). Relation of dietary restraint scores to activation of reward-related brain regions in response to food intake, anticipated intake, and food pictures. Neuroimage, 55, 233–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.009
  • Burger K. S., & Stice E. (2013). Elevated energy intake is correlated with hyperresponsivity in attentional, gustatory, and reward brain regions while anticipating palatable food receipt. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 1188–1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.055285
  • Burton E., & Stice E. (2006). Evaluation of a healthy weight treatment program for bulimia nervosa: A preliminary randomized trial. Behaviour Research &Therapy, 44, 1727–1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.008
  • Cash T. F., Edwin A., & Deagle E. A. (1997). The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 107–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199709)22:2<107::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-J
  • Cash T. F., Winstead B. A., & Janda L. H. (1986). The great American shape-up; we're healthier than ever, fitter than ever … but less satisfied with how we look. Psychology Today, 20, 30–37.
  • Cogan J. C., & Ernsberger P. (1999). Dieting, weight, and health: Reconceptualizing research and policy. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/00224537.00112
  • Cohane G. H., & Pope H. G. (2001). Body image in boys: A review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 373–379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.1033
  • Collier D. A., & Treasure J. L. (2004). The etiology of eating disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 363–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.5.363
  • Cooper P. J., Taylor M. J., Cooper Z., & Fairburn C. G. (1987). The development and validation of the Body Shape Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198707)6:4%3C485::AID-EAT2260060405%3E3.0.CO;2-O
  • Drewnowski A., & Yee D. K. (1987). Men and body image: Are males satisfied with their body weight?. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 545–634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-198711000-00008
  • Fairburn C. G., Agras W. S., Walsh B. T., Wilson T., & Stice E. (2004). Early change in treatment predicts outcome in bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2322–2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2322
  • Faravelli C., Ravaldi C., Truglia E., Zucchi T., Cosci F., & Ricca V. (2006). Clinical epidemiology of eating disorders: Results from the Sesto Fiorentino Study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 376–383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000095444
  • Fernández-Aranda F., Dahme B., & Meerman R. (1999). Body image in eating disorders and analysis of its relevance: A preliminary study. Journal of psychosomatic research, 47, 419–428.
  • Garner D. M., Garfinkel P. E., Schwartz D., & Thompson M. (1980). Cultural expectations of thinness in women. Psychological Reports, 47, 483–491. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.47.2.483
  • Gleaves D. H., Brown J. D., & Warren C. S. (2004). The continuity/discontinuity models of eating disorders: A review of the literature and implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention. Behavior Modification, 28, 739–762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445503259859
  • Goldfield G. S., Blouin A. G., & Woodside D. B. (2006). Body image, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 160–168.
  • Groesz L. M., Levine M. P., & Murnen S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(1), 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10005
  • Halliwell E., & Harvey M. (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 235–248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910705X39214
  • Keeton W. P., Cash T. F., & Brown T. A. (1990). Body image or body images? Comparative, multidimensional assessment among college students. Journal of personality assessment. 54, 213–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5401&2_21
  • Keys A. (1950). The biology of human starvation. (Vol 1). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Kim S. F. (2012). Animal models of eating disorders. Neuroscience, 211, 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.024
  • Kostanski M., & Gullone E. (1998). Adolescent body image dissatisfaction: Relationship with self esteem, anxiety, and depression controlling for body mass. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 255–262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00319
  • Lavin M. A., & Cash T. F. (2000). Effects of exposure to information about appearance stereotyping and discrimination on women´s body images. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 51–58.
  • Lawler M., & Nixon E. (2011). Body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys and girls: The effects of body mass, peer appearance culture and internalization of appearance ideals. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40(1), 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9500-2
  • Lunner K., Wertherm E. H., Thompson J. K., Paxton S. J., McDonald S. J., & Halvaarson K. S. (2000). A crosscultural examination of weight-related teasing, body image, and eating disturbance in Swedish and Australian samples. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 430–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200012)28:4%3C430::AID-EAT11%3E3.0.CO;2-Y
  • Mendes V., Araújo J., Lopes C., & Ramos E. (2014). Determinants of weight loss dieting among adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, 360–363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.003
  • Ng J., Stice E., Yokum S., & Bohon C. (2011). An fMRI study of obesity, food reward, and perceived caloric density. Does a low-fat label make food less appealing? Appetite, 57, 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.017
  • Ouwens M. A., van Strien T., van Leeuwe J. F. J., & van der Staak C. P. F. (2009). The dual pathway model of overeating. Replication and extension with actual food consumption. Appetite, 52, 234–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.07.010
  • Paxton S. (1996). Friendship, body image and dieting in teenage girls: A research report. national eating disorder information centre. Toronto. Canada: National Eating Disorder Information Centre. Retrieved from http://nedic.ca/sites/ default/files/friendship-body-image-dieting-teenagegirls-research-report.pdf
  • Presnell K., & Stice E. (2003). An experimental test of the effect of weight-loss dieting on bulimic pathology: Tipping the scales in a different direction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 166–170.
  • Presnell K., Stice E., & Tristan J. (2008). An experimental investigation of the effects of naturalistic dieting on bulimic symptoms: Moderating effects of depressive symptoms. Appetite, 50, 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.002
  • Raech R., Mora M., Soler A., Ávila C., Clos I., & Zapater L. (1996). Adaptación de un instrumento de evaluación de la insatisfacción corporal [Adaptation of a body image assessment instrument]. Clínica y Salud, 7, 51–66.
  • Rodin J., Silberstein L., & Striegel-Moore R. (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. In T. T. Sonderegger (Ed.), Psychology and gender: 1984 Nebraska Symposium Motivation (267–308). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Sánchez-Carracedo D., López-Guimerá G., Fauquet J., Barrada J. R., Pámias M., Puntí J. … Trepat E. (2013). A school-based program implemented by community providers previously trained for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems in secondary school adolescents: The MABOC study protocol. BMC Public Health, 13, 955.
  • Shaw H., Stice E., & Becker C. B. (2009). Preventing eating disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18, 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.012
  • Shepherd H., & Ricciardelli L. A. (1998). Test of Stice´s dual pathway model: Dietary restraint and negative affect as mediators of bulimic behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 345–352.
  • Shroff H., & Thompson J. K. (2006). Peer influences, body-image dissatisfaction, eating dysfunction and self-esteem in adolescent girls. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 533–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105306065015
  • Skrzypek S., Wehmeier P. M., & Remschmidt H. (2001). Body image assessment using body size estimation in recent studies on anorexia nervosa. A brief review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 215–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007870170010
  • Slevec J. H., & Tiggemann M. (2011). Predictors of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in middle-age women. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 515–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.002
  • Stice E. (1994). A review of the evidence for a sociocultural model of bulimia nervosa and a exploration of mechanisms of action. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 633–661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(94)90002-7
  • Stice E. (1998). Relations of restraint and negative affect to bulimic pathology: A longitudinal test of three competing models. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 243–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098108X(199804)23:3%3C243::AID-EAT2%3E3.0.CO;2-J
  • Stice E. (2001). A prospective test of the dual-pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 124–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.124
  • Stice E., & Agras W. S. (1998). Prospective relation of dieting behaviors to weight change in a community sample of adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 29, 277–276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80007-5
  • Stice E., & Bearman S. K. (2001). Body image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis. Developmental Psychology, 37, 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.37.5.597
  • Stice E., Becker C., & Yokum S. (2013). Eating disorder prevention: Current evidence-base and future directions. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46, 478–485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22105
  • Stice E., Bohon C., Marti C. N., & Fischer K. (2008). Subtyping women with bulimia nervosa along dietary and negative affect dimensions: Further evidence of reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 1022–1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013887
  • Stice E., Burger K., & Yokum S. (2013). Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods. Neuroimage, 67, 322–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.028
  • Stice E., Bytryn M. L., Rohde P., Shaw H., & Marti C. N. (2013). An effectiveness trial of a new enhanced dissonance eating disorder prevention program among female college students. Behavior Research and Therapy, 51, 862–871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.003
  • Stice E., Davis K., Miller N. P., & Marti C. N. (2008). Fasting increases risk for onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology: A 5-year prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 941–946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013644
  • Stice E., Durant S., Burger K. S., & Schoeller D. A. (2011). Weight suppression and risk for future increases in body mass: Effects of suppressed resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94, 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.010025
  • Stice E., & Fairburn C. G. (2003). Dietary and dietary depressive subtypes of bulimia nervosa show differential symptom presentation, social impairment, comorbidity, and course of illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1090–1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.1090
  • Stice E., Marti C. N., Shaw H., & Jaconis M. (2009). An 8-year longitudinal study of the natural history of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders from a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 587–597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016481
  • Stice E., Martinez E., Presnell K., & Groesz L. (2006). Relation of successful dietary restriction to bulimic pathology: A prospective community-based study. Health Psychology, 25, 274–281.
  • Stice E., Maxfield J., & Wells T. (2003). Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of “fat talk”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34(1), 108–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10171
  • Stice E., & Presnell K. (2007). The body project: promoting body acceptance and preventing eating disorders, facilitators guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Stice E., Presnell K., Groesz L., & Shaw H. (2005). Effects of a weight maintenance diet on bulimic pathology: An experimental test of the dietary restraint theory. Health Psychology, 24, 402–412.
  • Stice E., Pressnell K., & Spangler D. (2002). Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: A 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychology, 21, 131–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.21.2.131
  • Stice E., Shaw H., & Marti C. N. (2007). A meta-analytic review of eating disorder prevention programs: Encouraging findings. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 207–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091447
  • Stice E., Spoor S., Bohon C., Veldhuizen M. G., & Small D. M. (2008). Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated intake to obesity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 924–935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013600
  • Stice E., Spoor S., Ng J., & Zald D. H. (2009). Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiology and Behavior. 97, 551–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.020
  • Stice E., & Whitenton K. (2002). Risk factors for body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38, 669–678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.669
  • Stice E., Yokum S., Blum K., & Bohon C. (2010). Weight gain associated with reduced striatal response to palatable food. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 13105–13109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2105-10.2010
  • Stice E., Yokum S., Bohon C., Marti N., & Smolen A. (2010). Reward circuitry responsivity predicts future increases in body mass: Moderating effects of DRD2 and DRD4. NeuroImage, 50, 1618–1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.081
  • Stice E., Yokum S., Burger K. S., Epstein L. H., & Small D. M. (2011). Youth at risk for obesity show greater activation of striatal and somatosensory regions to food. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 4360–4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6604-10.2011
  • Tiggemann M. (2000). Dieting and cognitive style. The role of current and past dieting behavior and cognitions. Journal of Health Psychology, 5(1), 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910530000500106
  • Urquhart C. S., & Mihalynuk T. V. (2011). Disordered eating in women: implications for the obesity pandemy. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 72(1), e115–e125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/72.1.2011.50
  • van Strien T. (1996). On the relationship between dieting and "obese" and bulimic eating patterns. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19(1), 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199601)19:1<83::AIDEAT10>3.0.CO;2-R
  • van Strien T., Engels R. C. M. E., van Leeuwe J., & Snoek H. M. (2005). The Stice model of overeating: Tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite, 45, 205–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2005.08.004
  • Varsou E. (2010). Eating disorders: A serious problem of mental health seeks solution. Pschiatrike, 21, 189–194.
  • WHO (n.d.) Body mass index – BMI. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO. Retrieved from http://www.euro. who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/ nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi
  • Yokum S., Ng J., & Stice E. (2011). Attentional bias for food images associated with elevated weight and future weight gain: An fMRI study. Obesity, 19, 1775–1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.168
  • Zaccagni L., Masotti S., Donati R., Mazzoni G., & Gualdi-Russo E. (2014). Body image and weight perceptions in relation to actual measurements by means of a new index and level of physical activity in Italian university students. Journal of Translational Medicine, 12, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-12-42
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet