Alcohol y cerebro adolescente

  1. Cadaveira Mahía, Fernando
Journal:
Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

ISSN: 0214-4840

Year of publication: 2009

Volume: 21

Issue: 1

Pages: 9-14

Type: Article

DOI: 10.20882/ADICCIONES.246 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Adicciones: Revista de socidrogalcohol

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

El patrón de consumo intensivo intermitente de alcohol (Binge Drinking) se ha consolidado entre adolescentes y jóvenes. Este patrón (BD) ha despertado una fuerte preocupación en la comunidad neurocientífica por su posible impacto en un cerebro aún en maduración. La investigación con modelos animales demuestra los graves efectos estructurales y funcionales que un patrón BD puede tener a estas edades. Algunas regiones como el cortex prefrontal y el hipocampo, de maduración más tardía, y los importantes procesos que éstas organizan, parecen diana especial de la acción del alcohol. Los escasos estudios realizados en humanos van en la dirección de lo adelantado por la investigación animal. Sin embargo, estamos lejos de poder responder si este patrón BD afecta de forma especial al cerebro adolescente y de precisar cuáles son sus consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Son limitaciones habituales en los estudios el insuficiente control de poderosos factores de confusión, la utilización de diseños que no permiten diferenciar entre marcadores y efectos, el uso de muestras reducidas o la ausencia de réplicas. Aunque se hace insostenible una hipótesis de inocuidad y se acumula evidencia que nos advierte sobre los peligros de esta forma de consumo, se ha producido en general una cierta sobreinterpretación de los resultados. A la valiosa contribución realizada por estudios transversales debe seguir la de estudios longitudinales, en muestras de tamaño apropiado, con mayor control de variables críticas, que ayuden a identificar qué estructuras están más afectadas y cuáles son las consecuencias neurocognitivas a corto y largo plazo.

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